The Great Person Theory Is it a Valid Interpretation of History

Introduction The great person theory explains how great people shaped the history of the world. The noble abilities of the great persons had decisive impact on the course of the history. On this theory, Thomas Carlyle asserts that, â€Å"the history of the world is but the bibliography of great men.†1 The great persons in the history contributed to the current course of the history because without them, there would be no decisive historical impacts on the current society.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Great Person Theory: Is it a Valid Interpretation of History? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thomas Carlyle studied historical heroes and he realized that their heroic activities influenced greatly the course of the history, so he believes that by exploring their lives and activities will help the current society to shape its own future. The modern society regards and rewards the great heroes bec ause their heroism not only affects their lives, but also the society, thus shaping the history. This supports the great person theory that the course of history is due to the influence of great persons. The great Roman and Greek heroes had significance influence on course of the history for they shaped various aspects of life such as political, scientific, religious, and economic aspects amongst others. Thomas Carlyle argues that, â€Å"†¦all things that we see standing accomplished in the world are properly the outer material result, the practical realization and embodiment of thoughts, that dwelt in the great man sent into this world.†2 He emphasizes that every outstanding accomplishment in the current society originated from the thoughts of the great persons and he refers to these great persons as leaders, modelers, and even creators of the history and the future. This paper explores how the great Roman and Greek heroes: Themistocles, Caesar, Pericles, and Nero shap ed the course of history in their respective empires in validation the great person theory. Themistocles In validation of the great person theory, Themistocles was a great man who shaped the history of Greece. His birth was controversial because many thought he was an illegitimate child. In his childhood, he had great influence because â€Å"he persuaded several of the young men of high birth to accompany him to anoint and exercise themselves together at Cynosarges, an ingenious device for destroying distinction between the noble and the base-born.†3 Since Themistocles was a base-born, he wanted to make his birth legitimate by anointing and exercising at the Cynosarges. His friends admired the heroic abilities he had already demonstrated in his childhood because he was strong, inspiring, and very ambitious in shaping the history of Greece. The potential and abilities of a great man appeared in his childhood, a harbinger of a hero who will shape the course of the history. Ari stides, who was a great rival of Themistocles, harbored a lot of hatred when he saw â€Å"him stirring up the people to all kinds of enterprises, and introducing various innovations.†4 He had unique abilities for he spent most of his time alone because he did not want interferences from his companions. In the course of his life to shape the history of Greece, he studied natural philosophy and entered into politics.Advertising Looking for term paper on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Themistocles plunged into the political affairs of Greece making tremendous reformation that had marked political shift. As he pursued his dream, his father and mother disowned him because he joined politics; nevertheless, this did not deter his passion to become a politician. â€Å"It is evident that his mind was early imbued with the keenest interest in the public affairs, and the most passionate ambition for distinction. †5 His passion to attain the highest political position stirred a lot of criticism and hatred from the powerful political figures in the city of Athens yet he continued to increase in popularity and influence. His great political actions and innovations surprised his political opponents particularly the Aristides. â€Å"Gradually growing to be great, and winning the favor of the people, he at last gained the day with his faction over that of Aristides, and procured his banishment by ostracism.†6 The great hero was now in decisive stage to determine the history of Greece as powers was upon his hands to exercise them to the fullest. Since the trophy of Miltiades disturbed him so much when he was young, his determination was to ensure that the Greece win the imminent battles. Many of his friends thought that, the battle of Marathon would not last, but on contrary, he â€Å"thought that it was but the beginning for far greater conflicts, and for these, to the benefit of al l Greece, he kept to himself in continual readiness, and his city also in proper training, foreseeing from far what would happen.†7 In his first political influence, he managed to persuade the Athenians to stop sharing revenue but use them in building war ships. Themistocles wanted to use the war ships in repelling hostile neighbors like Persians who have dominated the sea and enhance the power of Greece in commanding the sea. The impending war between the Greece and the Persians prompted him to use his political powers in influencing military logistics. Themistocles becomes a political hero for he managed to influence political history of Greece. The greatest achievement of Themistocles is the military legacy he left for Greece. When the Persia threatened Greece to submit to her power, â€Å"the Athenians were in consultation of who should be general, and many withdrew themselves of their own accord, being terrified with the greatness of the danger.†8Advertising W e will write a custom term paper sample on The Great Person Theory: Is it a Valid Interpretation of History? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to the threatening circumstance, Themistocles did not trust the command of Epicydes for the imminent danger required a general with courage who would fight tactfully and tirelessly. With his heroic ability, he took over as a commander of Athenian forces when he killed Persian interpreter and â€Å"he immediately endeavored to persuade the citizens to leave the city, and to embark upon their galleys, and meet with the Persians at a great distance from Greece.†9 The Athenian citizens and forces followed Themistocles’ commands and gathered themselves at the sea in preparation for the war. He commanded the Athenian forces proving that â€Å"he was the chief means of the deliverance of Greece, and gained the Athenians the glory of alike surpassing their enemies in valor, and their confederates in wisdom.†10 By commanding the Athenian forces to achieve victory against the Persia, he shaped the military history of the Greece. Themistocles was distressed when he saw the Persian armies growing stronger. â€Å"He proposed a decree that those who were banished for a time might return again, to give assistance by word and deed to the cause of Greece with the rest of their fellow-citizens.†11 He did this when he realized that ostracized Aristides played an important role in the Athenian military. Knowing the threats and the interests of king Xerxes, he decided to use tactics in directing the Persian armies to the strategic fighting ground, Salamis. He sent a Persian captive, Sucinnus to tell king Xerxes that, â€Å"the Greeks were ready to make their escape, and that he counseled him to hinder their flight, to set upon them while they were in this confusion and at a distance from their land army.†12 Themistocles won the battle of Salamis by using psychological tactics to deceive king Xerxes. Therefore, Themistocles left political and military legacy to the country of Greece thus shaping the history as a great man. Caesar The bibliography of Caesar depicts the history of Rome for her was a great hero who shaped the history of Rome. He grew up under the dictatorship of Sylla who was the master of Rome. He was among the prisoners who were ready for execution, but he fortunately survived when Sylla overlooked because â€Å"so many were to be put to death, and there was so much to do.†13 Even in the face of death, he did not keep quiet for he actively campaigned to become a priest. During his youth, he displayed the courage of a great man who would shape the history of Rome. After his release, he went into exile where he learned military skills. â€Å"The first proof he had of the people’s good will to him was when he received by their suffrages a tribune-ship in the army, and came out on the list with a higher pla ce than Caius Popilius.†14 When Caesar came back from exile, he revived Marius faction in order to fight Sylla faction, which was in the government. In fighting the government, Caesar displayed a lot of courage given that his life was in the hands of Sylla. To do this, â€Å"he ordered images of Marius and figures of Victory, with trophies in their hands, to be carried privately in the night and placed in the capitol.†15 His courage to attack Sylla openly attracted many people and increased tension between Sylla and Marius factions making him achieve his objective. His followers were very happy demonstrating in the streets extolling him as a great man.Advertising Looking for term paper on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From then Caesar dared to face Sylla and began his campaign for their Marius’s party. Caesar demonstrated his greatness when he campaigned to become a priest because his opponents were men of great influence in the senate while he was just an ordinary man. With determination, he predicted his priesthood when he told his mother, â€Å"to-day you will see me either high priest or an exile.†16 Caesar became a hero and made history when he attained priesthood amidst intense opposition. Caesar went to Spain and discovered that he had great potential in military and drew his political strategies of becoming the first man in Rome. He depicted his determination by saying that, â€Å"I have not just cause to weep, when I consider that Alexander at my age had conquered so many nations, and I have all this time done nothing that is memorable.†17 He was a great man who wanted to shape the history Rome. With the help of his two friends, Pompey and Crassus, Caesar managed to attain consulship, the highest office in Rome. In his consulship office, he formulated bills concerning division of land and plantation of colonies in order to assist the poor. In consulship, he left the legacy of enacting laws to assist the poor hence shaping the Roman society. When his term of consulship expired, Caesar was still strong and determined to shape the history of Rome. This time he vied for a position of a governor of Gaul with military intention of subduing neighboring states. â€Å"His first war in Gaul was against the Helvetians and Tigurini, who having burnt their own towns, twelve in number, and four hundred villages, would have marched forward through that part of Gaul.†18 He obtained the military skills from Spain and in Rhodes in exile. Caesar wanted the armies to ensure that he enlarged Gaul territory and he fought passionately saying that, â€Å"when I have won the battle, I will use my horse for the chase, but at present let us go against the enemy. †19 He portrayed his heroic passion for war by invading neighboring states in a bid to expand his territory. Caesar continued to expand his territory, skillfully protecting it from the threat of invasion by any nation. The prophecies of the Germans annoyed Caesar as they were waiting for the new moon to appear so that they can attack the Romans. â€Å"Caesar having had intimation of this, and seeing the Germans lie still, thought it expedient to attack them whilst they were under these apprehensions, rather than sit still and wait their time.†20 Then, he launched his second conquest and destroyed the German armies slaying thousands of them along the Rhine. Caesar military prowess had marked historical influence and shaped subsequent military systems of Rome. The Nervii who were the most powerful tribe of Celtic Belgae threatened to attack Roman armies. Caesar did not hesitate, â€Å"he led his army against the Nervii, the fiercest and most warlike people of all in thos e parts.†21 Despite their preparedness, the Roman armies attacked and conquered them. â€Å"Pompey never observed how Caesar was using the arms of Rome in effecting his conquests, and gaining over and securing to himself the favor of the Romans with the wealth which those conquests obtained him.†22 Pompey criticized Caesar for misusing the Roman military forces in pursuing his selfish interests and demanded that he disband his private armies for his term as the governor of Gaul was ending. Pompey and Caesar interests in the military resulted into civil war where their armies fought but eventually, Caesar exiled Pompey and destroyed his armies. Caesar became the great military commander who shaped the military history of Rome. Caesar left both political and military legacy to the Roman society. His greatest achievements revolve mostly around military conquests for he commanded his armies in conquering numerous battles. The military conquests of Germans, Pompey, Nervii, a nd the battle of Alesia shaped the military history and the future of the Roman society. Caesar is a hero who fought many battle and won as many, because he was courageous and full of potential. Basing on his historical achievements in shaping the course of the Rome military and political progress, Romans owe him a lot. The experiences of the Caesar support the great person theory that the history of Rome is just but a bibliography of one great person viz. Caesar. Pericles In support of the great person theory, Pericles made significant contribution to the course of Greek history. He was a Greek hero who had a noble birth since he was born in the family, which had a lot of influence in Athens. He became a noble man with a noble character. The Athenians poets praised and â€Å"furnished him most especially with a weight and grandeur of sense, superior to all arts of popularity, and in general gave him his elevation and sublimity of purpose and of character.†23 Many of his cont emporaries admired him as he had extraordinary esteem and unique character. Pericles was a powerful orator who appealed to many people as they described his abilities in language as â€Å"composure of countenance, and a serenity and calmness in all his movements, which no occurrence whilst he was speaking could disturb a sustained and even tone of voice, which produced the greatest effect on his hearers.†24 His oratory skills earned him great fame in the Athenian society hence had more influence as compared to his opponents. With his fame, he entered into political realm where he met great heroes like Themistocles and Cimon for he also wanted to shape the history of Athens. New and young to be in the political realm, Pericles was determined to be another great hero like Themistocles and Cimon. In the city of Athens, there were two political factions, Thucydides and Pericles. Pericles and his faction struggled to gain supremacy and eventually, â€Å"Thucydides was overpowered , and the whole affairs of the state and government came into the hands of Pericles.†25 Then, Pericles gained a foothold to wield his political influence against Cimon. His ascension into power elicited mixed reactions among the citizens, as they perceived him as a tyrant due his facial appearance and background influence of great people. Taking an advantage of the death of Aristides and absence of Cimon due to foreign expeditions, â€Å"Pericles, seeing things in this posture, now advanced and took his side, not with the rich and few, but with the many and poor, contrary to his natural bent, which was far from democracy.†26 Pericles utilized this opportunity to launch his political strategies against Cimon. Pericles unleashed his deadly attack to Cimon by breaking down the council of Areopagus, which was the strong hold of Cimon. Therefore, â€Å"Pericles, having secured his power in interest with the populace, directed the exertions of his party against this council with such success.†27 He managed to weaken Cimon and banish him together with his friends after accusing them as traitors for he perceived they had conspired against him with the enemies. By banishing Cimon for ten years, he received criticisms that his rule was â€Å"an aristocratically government, that went by the name of a democracy, but was, indeed, the supremacy of a single great man, while many others say, on the contrar.†28 The death of Ephialtes increased the freedom of Pericles to exercise his power in shaping the history of Athens until his death, even though they accused him of dictatorship that deteriorated Athenian democracy. Pericles did not only influence the political realm, but also influenced the military history of Athens. Pericles was annoyed and threatened his enemies saying that, â€Å"Greece cannot but resent it as an insufferable affront, and consider her to be tyrannized over openly, when she sees the treasure, which was contributed by her upon a necessity for the war.†29 Pericles prepared to wage war with the barbarians and he â€Å"informed the people, that they were in no way obliged to give any account of those moneys to their allies, so long as they maintained their defense, and kept off the barbarians from attacking them.†30 He employed defensive strategy to exhaust and weaken barbarians’ military strength and resources so that he can successfully defeat them. Pericles enhanced the Athenian military power when he issued a decree summoning Greeks from various parts of the world to, â€Å"send their deputies to Athens to a general assembly, or convention, there to consult and advice concerning the Greek temples which the barbarians had burnt down.†31 The general assembly discussed issues concerning the security and military capacity of the Athens to protect her citizens, safety navigation of the sea and security of her trade. After the deliberations of the national assembly, Pericles â€Å" turned his forces against the revolters and passing over into the island of Euboea with fifty sail of ships and five thousand men in arms, he reduced their cities, and drove out the citizens of the Chalcidians.†32 In the war, he displayed the mighty armies of Athens under his heroic command. The greatest military achievement of Pericles happened when he fought the battle of Peloponnesian. Here he used his defensive tactics; for instance, during the war he â€Å"was not at all moved by any attacks, but took all patiently, and submitted in silence to the disgrace they threw upon him and the ill-will they bore him; and, sending out a fleet of a hundred galleys to Peloponnesus.†33 He participated in this war and become a hero as he â€Å"stayed behind, that he might watch at home and keep the city under his own control, till the Peloponnesians broke up their camp and were gone.†34 Therefore, Pericles became a military hero who ruled and commanded Athenian armies in shaping the history of Athens. Nero Nero validates the great person theory since he shaped the course of the Roman Empire history. He was a Roman emperor who ruled the expansive Roman Empire with great influence. His genealogy shows that he was born in a family with good reputation and influence, but he â€Å"degenerated from the good qualities of his ancestors, he yet reproduced the vices of each of them, as if transmitted to him by natural inheritance.†35 Nero is famous due to his negative influence in the course of Roman Empire history. He grew up and became exceedingly rich because â€Å"he did not only recover his father’s property, but he also enriched himself by an inheritance from his stepfather, Passienus Crispus.†36 With his richness, he joined into politics of the Roman Empire since he had a background of royal family. The death of his uncle, Emperor Claudius heralded his ascension into powers at the age of seventeen years. â€Å"Hailed emperor on th e steps of the Palace, he was carried in a litter to the Praetorian camp, and after a brief address to the soldiers was taken from there to the Curia.†37 Nero became hero for he achieved to be an emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of seventeen, making history because he become the youngest emperor ever to have ruled an empire. â€Å"To make his good intentions still more evident, he declared that he would rule according to the principles of Augustus, and he let slip no opportunity for acts of generosity and mercy, or even for displaying his affability.†38 He ruled four consulships and delegated administrative responsibilities to the senate according to his orders, which shaped the Roman Empire administration policy. In his administration he did not allow his advisers to influence his decision through discussion, so he â€Å"had each of them give his opinion in written form; these he read silently and in private and then gave a verdict according to his own inclinati on, as if it were the view of the majority.†39 Julius Vindex, the governor of Gaul revolted against the leadership of Nero and refused to pay taxes. â€Å"At last he was driven by numerous insulting edicts of Vindex, to urge the Senate in a letter to avenge him and the state, alleging a throat trouble as his excuse for not appearing in person.†40 Britain and Armenia formed allies against Nero and when he realized that there were impending misfortunes, he planned â€Å"to depose and assassinate the commanders of the armies and the governors of the provinces, on the ground that they were all united in a conspiracy against him.†41 Nero was a cruel and horrific leader who did not even trust his allies. Nero lost sight in his leadership and resorted to the desperate measures of assassinating his allies making a history of a bad commander. He also lost his morals because he killed his uncle, Emperor Claudius in order to attain power, killed his mother because of his im morality, and even married his stepsister. Therefore, the negative and dark history of the Roman Empire is a bibliography of Nero. Conclusion The great person theory is a valid interpretation of history since history is the cumulative achievements of great people who made exceptional contribution to the world. The great persons used their talents, knowledge, abilities, and wisdom to shape the course of history of their states, nations, empires and even the whole world. The achievements of the great persons shaped the course of history during their time because their actions had direct influence in the society. Now the course of history depends on their achievements as models and lessons for generations to come. The great men and heroes of the history who shaped the Greek and Roman Empires proved the great persons theory that, history is indeed the bibliography of great men. The bibliography of the great men of the Greek empire, Themistocles and Pericles define the course of ancient Greek Empire history. Their achievements portray economic, military, cultural, and political profile of their empires. On the other hand, the bibliography of the Roman Empire heroes, Nero and Caesar, define the course of history of the empire. Their great achievements did shape their course of history and the current society by extension, obtains invaluable lessons applicable to current crisis. Since the great achievements of great persons are shaping the course and destiny of the modernity, the contemporary society owes them a lot. Footnotes 1Thomas Carlyle. On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History. New York: Harvard University, 1841. 2Thomas Carlyle. On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History. 3John Dryden. â€Å"Themistocles.† The Internet Classic Archive. 2009. Web.. http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/themisto.html 4John Dryden.†Themistocles† 5John Dryden. †Themistocles† 6John Dryden. †Themistocles† 7John Dryden. †Th emistocles† 8John Dryden.†Themistocles† 9John Dryden. †Themistocles† 10 John Dryden. †Themistocles† 11John Dryden. †Themistocles† 12John Dryden.†Themistocles† 13 John Dryden. â€Å"Caesar† The Internet Classic Archive. 2009. Web. http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/caesar.html 14 John Dryden. â€Å"Caesar† 15 John Dryden. â€Å"Caesar† 16 John Dryden. â€Å"Caesar† 17 John Dryden. â€Å"Caesar† 18 John Dryden. â€Å"Caesar† 19 John Dryden. â€Å"Caesar† 20 John Dryden. â€Å"Caesar† 21 John Dryden. â€Å"Caesar† 22 John Dryden. â€Å"Caesar† 23 John Dryden. â€Å"Pericles† The Internet Classic Archive.2009. Web.. http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/pericles.html/ 24 John Dryden. â€Å"Pericles† 25 John Dryden. â€Å"Pericles† 26 John Dryden. â€Å"Pericles† 27 John Dryden. â€Å"Pericles† 28 John Dryden. â€Å"Pericles † 29 John Dryden. â€Å"Pericles† 30 John Dryden. â€Å"Pericles† 31 John Dryden. â€Å"Pericles† 32 John Dryden. â€Å"Pericles† 33 John Dryden. â€Å"Pericles† 34 John Dryden. â€Å"Pericles† 35 Paul Halsall. â€Å"Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum – Nero.† Internet Ancient History Sourcebook, 2000. Web..  http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/suet-nero-rolfe.html/ 36 Paul Halsall. â€Å"Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum – Nero.† 37 Paul Halsall. â€Å"Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum – Nero.† 38 Paul Halsall. â€Å"Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum – Nero.† 39 Paul Halsall. â€Å"Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum – Nero.† 40 Paul Halsall. â€Å"Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum – Nero.† 41 Paul Halsall. â€Å"Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum – Nero.† Works Cited Carlyle, Thomas. On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History. New York: Harvard University, 1841. Dryden, John. â€Å"Caesar† The Internet Classic Archive, 2009. Web.. http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/caesar.html Dryden, John. â€Å"Pericles.† The Internet Classic Archive, 2009. Web..  http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/pericles.html Dryden, John. â€Å"Themistocles.† The Internet Classic Archive, 2009. Web.. http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/themisto.html Halsall, Paul. â€Å"Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum – Nero.† Internet Ancient History  Sourcebook, 2000. Web.. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/suet-nero-rolfe.html This term paper on The Great Person Theory: Is it a Valid Interpretation of History? was written and submitted by user Ainsley Owen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Frank Gehry, Controversial Canadian-American Architect

Frank Gehry, Controversial Canadian-American Architect Inventive and irreverent architect Frank O. Gehry (born February 28, 1929) changed the face of architecture with his artistic designs realized with high-tech software. Gehry has been surrounded by controversy for most of his career. Using unorthodox materials like corrugated metal, chain link, and titanium, Gehry has created unexpected, twisted forms that break conventions of building design. His work has been called radical, playful, organic, and sensual. Fast Facts: Frank Gehry Known For: Award-winning, controversial architectAlso Known As: Owen Gehry, Ephraim Owen Goldberg, Frank O. GehryBorn: February 28, 1929 in Toronto, Ontario, CanadaParents: Sadie Thelma (nà ©e Kaplanski/Caplan) and Irving GoldbergEducation: University of Southern Californias School of Architecture, Harvard UniversityAwards and Honors:  Presidential Medal of Freedom, J. Paul Getty Medal, Harvard Arts Medal, Order of Charlemagne; honorary degrees from many universities, including Oxford, Yale, and PrincetonSpouse(s): Anita Snyder,  Berta Isabel AguileraChildren: Alejandro, Samuel, Leslie, BrinaNotable Quote: For me, every day is a new thing. I approach each project with a new insecurity, almost like the first project I ever did. And I get the sweats. I go in and start working, Im not sure where Im going. If I knew where I was going I wouldnt do it. Early Life As a teenager in 1947, Goldberg moved from Canada to Southern California with his Polish-Russian parents. He chose U.S. citizenship when he turned 21. He was traditionally educated at Los Angeles City College and the University of Southern California (USC), with an architecture degree completed in 1954. Frank Goldberg changed his name to Frank Gehry in 1954. This move was encouraged by his first wife, who believed a less-Jewish-sounding name would be easier for their children and better for his career. Gehry served in the U.S. Army from 1954–1956. He then studied city planning on the G.I Bill for one year at Harvard Graduate School of Design before returning to southern California with his family. He went on to reestablish a working relationship with Austria-born architect Victor Gruen, with whom Gehry had worked at USC. After a stint in Paris, Gehry again returned to California and established his Los Angeles-area practice in 1962. From 1952–1966, the architect was married to Anita Snyder, with whom he has two daughters. Gehry divorced Snyder and married Berta Isabel Aguilera in 1975. The Santa Monica house he remodeled for Berta and their two sons has become the stuff of legends. Career Beginnings Early in his career, Frank Gehry designed houses inspired by modern architects such as Richard Neutra and Frank Lloyd Wright. Gehrys admiration of Louis Kahns work influenced his 1965 box-like design of the Danziger House, a studio/residence for designer Lou Danziger. With this work, Gehry started to get noticed as an architect. The 1967 Merriweather Post Pavilion in Columbia, Maryland, was the first Gehry structure reviewed by The New York Times. The 1978 remodeling of a 1920s-era bungalow in Santa Monica put Gehry and his new familys private home on the map. As his career expanded, Gehry became known for massive, iconoclastic projects that attracted attention and controversy. The Gehry architecture portfolio includes unique structures such as the 1991 Chiat/Day Binoculars Building in Venice, California, and the 2014 Louis Vuitton Foundation Museum in Paris, France. His most famous museum is the Guggenheim in Bilbao, Spain, the 1997 spectacle that gave Gehrys career its final boost.  The iconic Bilbao architecture was constructed with thin sheets of titanium, and it continues to draw fascinated tourists. Color has been added to Gehrys metal exteriors, exemplified by the 2000 Experience Music Project (EMP), now called the Museum of Pop Culture, in Seattle, Washington. Gehrys projects build on one another, and after the Bilbao museum opened to great acclaim, his clients wanted that same look. His most famous concert hall is arguably the 2004 Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, California. He began visualizing with a stone facade in 1989, but the success of the Guggenheim in Spain inspired the California patrons to want what Bilbao had. Gehry is a great fan of music and he has taken on a number of different concert hall projects. Examples include the small Fisher Center for the Performing Arts at Bard College in 2001 at Annandale-on-Hudson in New York, the open-air Jay Pritzker Music Pavillion in 2004 in Chicago, Illinois, and the rather sedate 2011 New World Symphony Center in Miami Beach, Florida. Notable Work Many of Gehrys buildings have become tourist attractions, drawing visitors from around the world. University buildings by Gehry include the 2004 MIT Stata Complex in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the 2015 Dr. Chau Chak Wing Building at the University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Gehrys first building in Australia. Commercial buildings in New York City include the 2007 IAC Building and the 2011 residential tower called New York By Gehry. Health-related projects include the 2010 Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health in Las Vegas, Nevada, as well as the 2003 Maggies Centre in Dundee, Scotland. Furniture: Gehry had success in the 1970s with his line of Easy Edges chairs made from bent laminated cardboard. By 1991, Gehry was using bent laminated maple to produce the Power Play Armchair. These designs are part of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) collection in New York City. In 1989, Gehry designed the Vitra Design Museum in Germany, his first European architectural work. The museums focus is on modern furniture and interior designs. Also in Germany is Gehrys 2005 MARTa Museum in Herford, a town known in the furniture industry. Gehry Designs: Because architecture takes so long to become realized, Gehry often turns to the quick fix of designing smaller products, including jewelry, trophies, and even liquor bottles. From 2003 to 2006, Gehrys partnership with Tiffany Co. released the exclusive jewelry collection that included the sterling silver Torque Ring. In 2004, the Canada-born Gehry designed a trophy for the international World Cup of Hockey tournament. Also in 2004, Gehry designed a twisty vodka bottle for Wyborowa Exquisite. In the summer of 2008, Gehry took on the annual Serpentine Gallery Pavilion at Kensington Gardens in London. Career Highs and Lows Between 1999 and 2003, Gehry designed a new museum for Biloxi, Mississippi, the Ohr-OKeefe Museum of Art. The project was under construction when Hurricane Katrina struck in 2005 and pushed a casino barge into the glittering steel walls. The slow process of rebuilding began years later. Gehrys most famous low, however, may have been the burning reflection from the completed Disney Concert Hall, which impacted both neighbors and passers-by. Gehry fixed it but claimed it was not his fault. Throughout his long career, Frank O. Gehry has been honored with countless awards and honoraria for individual buildings and for him as an architect. Architectures highest honor, the Pritzker Architecture Prize, was awarded to Gehry in 1989. The American Institute of Architects (AIA) recognized his work in 1999 with the AIA Gold Medal. Former President Barack Obama presented Gehry with the highest civilian award of the United States, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, in 2016. Style of Gehrys Architecture In 1988, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City used Gehrys Santa Monica house as an example of a new, modern architecture they called deconstructivism. This style breaks down the parts of a piece so their organization appears disorganized and chaotic. Unexpected details and building materials tend to create visual disorientation and disharmony. Gehry on Architecture In Barbara Isenbergs book, Conversations With Frank Gehry,  Gehry talked about the approach he takes to his work: Building a building is like berthing the Queen Mary in a small slip at a marina. There are lots of wheels and turbines and thousands of people involved, and the architect is the guy at the helm who has to visualize everything going on and organize it all in his head. Architecture is anticipating, working with and understanding all of the craftsmen, what they can do and what they cant do, and making it all come together. I think of the final product as a dream image, and its always elusive. You can have a sense of what the building should look like and you can try to capture it. But you never quite do. But history has acknowledged that Bernini was an artist as well as an architect, and so was Michelangelo. Its possible that an architect can also be an artist....Im not comfortable using the word sculpture. Ive used it before, but I dont think its really the right word. Its a building. The words sculpture, art, and architecture are loaded, and when we use them, they have a lot of different meanings. So Id rather just say Im an architect. Legacy Frank Gehrys work has had a profound impact on postmodernist architecture. His unique use of materials, line, and technology have inspired architects and changed the way architects and engineers think about structures. His most significant structures, such as the Bilbao Guggenheim, have, as Salon’s Karen Templer  wrote, ...changed the way people think about the field of architecture. Gehry has proven that people will travel halfway around the world to look at a building as well as its contents. It stands as evidence that a building  can  put a town on the map. Sources Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. â€Å"Frank Gehry.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 24 Feb. 2019.Frank O. Gehry.†Ã‚  Academy of Achievement.Isenberg, Barbara. Conversations With Frank Gehry by Barbara Isenberg. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2012.The Museum of Modern Art. Deconstructivist Architecture. June 1988. Sokol, David. â€Å"31 Spectacular Buildings Designed by Frank Gehry.†Ã‚  Architectural Digest, 25 Nov. 2018.

46 Back-to-School Quotes to Help Get You Motivated

46 Back-to-School Quotes to Help Get You Motivated Vacations are over, and its time to head back to school. Tis the season of  teachers revising lessons and of students stocking up on school supplies and preparing for new classes. You can share some  motivational back-to-school quotes with your children to help encourage them to achieve, and you can share them with your favorite educators, too. Our education-themed list also contains quotes for people going to the school of hard knocks. Plus, we offer a few clever asides and quips from authors and comedians to a former president. Inspirational Quotes for Students Help students realize the importance of  education  with these quotes: Martin H. Fischer All the world is a laboratory to the inquiring mind. Ray LeBlond You learn something every day if you pay attention. E.C. McKenzie Sign on a high school bulletin board in Dallas: Free every Monday through Friday- knowledge. Bring your own containers. Ernest Renan The simplest schoolboy is now familiar with truths for which Archimedes would have sacrificed his life. Dana Stewart Scott Learn as much as you can while you are young, since life becomes too busy later. Alvin Toffler The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn. Mark Twain Training is everything. The peach was once a bitter almond; cauliflower is nothing but cabbage with a college education. Quotes About Teachers and Schools Need some quotes about educators and schools? Look no further: Susan B. Anthony If all the rich and all of the church people should send their children to the public schools they would feel bound to concentrate their money on improving these schools until they met the highest ideals. T.H. Huxley I care not what subject is taught, if only it be taught well. E.C. McKenzie Education helps you earn more. But not many schoolteachers can prove it.Schoolteachers are not fully appreciated by parents until it rains all day Saturday. Donald D. Quinn If a doctor, lawyer, or dentist had 40 people in his office at one time, all of whom had different needs, and some of whom didnt want to be there and were causing trouble, and the doctor, lawyer, or dentist, without assistance, had to treat them all with professional excellence for nine months, then he might have some conception of the classroom teachers job. Lily Tomlin ï » ¿I like a teacher who gives you something to take home to think about besides homework. Inspirational Quotes for Educators Educators might also enjoy some inspirational quotes geared toward their chosen profession: Malcolm S. Forbes Educations purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one. Sydney J. Harris The whole purpose of education is to turn mirrors into windows. Margaret Laurence Holidays are enticing only for the first week or so. After that, it is no longer such a novelty to rise late and have little to do. Richard Livingstone If the school sends out children with a desire for knowledge and some idea of how to acquire and use it, it will have done its work. Ralph W. Sockman The larger the island of knowledge, the longer the shoreline of wonder. Ricky Williams I allowed myself to think if I could be doing anything in the world, what would I be doing? And what came to mind is Id be traveling a little bit, Id be going to classes, and Id be going back to school. Quotes on Life and Learning Here are some quotable lines about the value of education outside of school, the teacher being reality. Anonymous Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school. Tom Bodett The difference between school and life? In school, youre taught a lesson and then given a test. In life, youre given a test that teaches you a lesson. Winston Churchill I am always ready to learn although I do not always like being taught. W. Edwards Deming Learning is not compulsory...but to survive, we must learn. Peter De Vries We all learn by experience but some of us have to go to summer school. Ralph Waldo Emerson You send your child to the schoolmaster, but tis the schoolboys who educate him. Martin H. Fischer Education aims to give you a boost up the ladder of knowledge. Too often, it just gives you a cramp on one of its rungs. Ivan Illich Together we have come to realize that for men the right to learn is curtailed by the obligation to attend school. George Bernard Shaw What we want is to see the child in pursuit of knowledge, and not knowledge in pursuit of the child. Ernest Shackleton I do not know what moss stands for in the proverb, but if it stood for useful knowledge...I gathered more moss by rolling than I ever did at school. Oscar Wilde Education is an admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to time that nothing worth knowing can be taught. Henny Youngman In elementary school, many a true word is spoken in guess. Silly and Pithy Quotes According to some well-known names, education has its lighter moments: Gracie Allen Smartness runs in my family. When I went to school I was so smart my teacher was in my class for five years. Erma Bombeck Being a child at home alone in the summer is a high-risk occupation. If you call your mother at work 13 times an hour, she can hurt you. A. Whitney Brown Our bombs are smarter than the average high school student. At least they can find Kuwait. George Carlin When I got out of high school they retired my jersey, but it was for hygiene and sanitary reasons. Bill Dodds Labor Day is a glorious holiday because your child will be going back to school the next day. It would have been called Independence Day, but that name was already taken. Peter Drucker When a subject becomes totally obsolete, we make it a required course. Finley Peter Dunne It doesnt make much difference what you study, so long as you dont like it. Robert Gallagher Anyone who thinks the art of conversation is dead ought to tell a child to go to bed. Edgar W. Howe If there were no schools to take the children away from home part of the time, the insane asylums would be filled with mothers. Elbert Hubbard You can lead a boy to college, but you cannot make him think. Doug Larson Home computers are being called upon to perform many new functions, including the consumption of homework formerly eaten by the dog. Henry Louis Mencken Sunday school: A prison in which children do penance for the evil conscience of their parents. John Updike The Founding Fathers...provided jails called schools, equipped with tortures called an education. School is where you go between when your parents cant take you and industry cant take you. Ronald Reagan But there are advantages to being President. The day after I was elected, I had my high school grades classified top secret. Joan Welsh The only educational aspect of television is that it puts the repairman’s kids through college.

Vladimir Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vladimir - Essay Example he conflict took the ugly turn of vandalism – an act committed in secrecy since the concerned person could not directly confront Vladimir, but he left enough indications of his ire in the message that was scrawled on Vladimir’s car. The easy way to resolve the crisis can be to dismiss the vandal and hand him over to the police together with the evidence, but such an approach would in no way improve the interpersonal relations within the team. On the other hand, it might exasperate the already tense atmosphere since the opposing camps feel justified in the ugly event and the resultant punishment. The conflict would linger and lead to repetition in due course, because no attempt is being made to rectify behavioral patterns. A better way to deal with the crisis is to address the root cause of the problem and iron out differences through counseling. This would be a learning or retraining process in the context of team work and common goals of an organization. According to Thompson, â€Å"Many conflicts in teams emerge because people feel misunderstood or ignored† (Thompson, as quoted in Halverson and Tirmizi, 2008, p.214). By bringing into open the behavioral aspects of the warring factions, a possibility ca n be created whereby misunderstandings can be reduced. In the proposed counseling session, the rough edges of Vladimir’s behavior would be exposed to sensitize him to the feelings of his teammates. In a similar manner, instances of Vladimir’s failed attempts to cope with his lesser-endowed colleagues would also be recounted to demonstrate that as a person Vladimir is not averse to correct himself and his behavior. The consequences of handing over the surveillance tapes to the police, dismissal and prosecution will be brought forth strongly to deter repetition of such behavior. Simultaneously, the counseling process would be demonstrated as the management’s goodwill gesture for the first time offence, provided both parties realize their shortcomings and

Discuss the Standard industrial classification Essay - 1

Discuss the Standard industrial classification - Essay Example The main purpose of the SIC codes is to represent each of the industries with the metrics that allows the agencies to conduct business analysis, regardless of the branches of the industry. In other words, the main purpose of the SIC code is to standardize the measures, analyze and share the data that enables the agencies to have understanding about the business. It assesses these agencies to conduct business analysis for the major businesses and industries. SIC codes have been assigned to the business and industries on the bases that they share common features, characteristics with respect to their products, services, production and system of business. The hierarchy of these codes varies with the top to down structure of the general characteristics of the business and industry that are than future down according to the specification of the business. For example: the first two digits of the code allow to detect the major industry sector that the business is operating, the third and fourth digit tells about the specification of the good, services and product line of the business. the SIC codes are used by the national census bureau of the country, labor statistic, internal revenues and social security administration that make use of these SIC codes to identify the type of industry that the business is operating in. These agencies make use of these codes for reporting for the academic and business sectors to analyze the progress and risks that the business may inherit. It is also used to analyze several business issues, relating to business processes, decisions, such as labor council, wages and prices. The social security administrat ion agency make use of the SIC codes to make use of the primary business activity on the employer ID. SIC codes are developed to identify the type of economic activity that the business is engaged in. it classifies the business with respect to their economic activities that have been used by the United Kingdom to develop

Detecting starch and sugars in food Essay Example for Free

Detecting starch and sugars in food Essay Aim: To detect the presence of starch and sugars (glucose and fructose) in different food sources. Background: We have many different foods in daily life and many of them contain nutrients like carbonhydrates which are essential to human life. Starch is a polysaccharide, a group of nutrients known as carbonhydrates. Glucose and fructose are monosaccharides, simpler carbonhydrates which are often refered to as sugars. In order to detect the different carbonhydrates content in ranges of food, we used two theories in our experiment. Firstly, starch can react with iodine to create a blue product. Secondly, glucose and fructose are reducing sugars which can be tested by Benedict’s reagent, because the reducing sugars which contain aldehydes group produce red copper(à ¢ ) oxide precipitate when react with Benedict’s reagent. Materials and equipments: 2cm3 of 1% starch solution, 2cm3 of 1% glucose solution, 10 cm3 of 1% iodine solution, 30 cm3 of 1% Benedict’s reagent, small amounts of different type of food (mushrooms, potatoes, bread piece, sweet potatoes, lemon, onion, biscuit, cucumber, tomatoes, peanuts,lettus, tomato sauce, dark green vegetables, milk, cereal), white tile Ten test tubes, test-tube holder, test-tube rack, Nusen burner, Heat-proof mat, safety glasses Procedures: 1. Three drops of 2cm3 of 1% starch solution was placed onto a white tile and three drops of iodine solution was added and observed the solor change. 2. 2cm3 of glucose solution was placed into a test tube and added about five frops of Benedict’s reagent and boiled gently. Observed the color change. 3. Placed small piece of ten foods in ten test tubes and added one drop of water, three drops of 2cm3 of 1% starch to them respectively and orderly. (mushrooms, potatoes, bread piece, sweet potatoes, lemon, onion, biscuit, cucumber, tomatoes, peanuts) Oserved the color change and made records. 4. Placed small pieces of ten foods into ten different test tubes and added one drops of water, five drops of Benedict’s reagent to them in order and respectively. (lemon, lettus, tomato sauce, cucumber, tomato, dark green vegetables, milk, biscuit, cereal, sweet potatoes) And boiled each test tube gently and observed the color change. 5. Made a conclusion based on results. Result 1.In procedure 1, the color of solution changed to blue-black when starch solution reacted with iodine solution. In procedure 2, the color of solution changed to orange-red when the glucose solution reacted with the Benedict’s reagent and was heated. 2.The diagram(fig.1) below shows what I observed directly after the procedure 3 : Food source Color change Mushroom Potatoes Blue-black Bread piece Blue-black Sweet potatoes Purple-blue Lemon Onion Biscuit Blue-black Cucumber Tomatoes Peanuts 3.Then,the diagram(fig.2) below shows what I observed directly after the procedure 4: Food source Color change Lemon Red-orange Lettus Dark purple-red Tomaot sauce Orange Cucumber Red-orange Tomato Orange Dark green vegetable Milk Light orange Biscuit Orange Cereal Orange Sweet potato Red-orange Analysis: 1. In my whole experiment, the procedure 1 and 2 were used as testing thoeries to give us a standard to testify whether certain food source contained certain kinds of carbonhydrates. If in procedure 3 the food turned color near blue or purple, the food must contain starch inside. What’s more, if in procedure 4 the solution in the test tube turned color near red or orange, the food msust contain reducing sugars glucose or fructose. 1. From the information and results I gathered from fig.2, I was able to figure out whether each food contains sugars glucose and fructose or not. The list was shown below(fig.4): From the diagram above we can clearly see that except dark green vegetables all the foods remained contain sugars glucose or fructose. Evaluation: During the experiment, our group made several mistakes and I listed them below to evaluate them respectively. 1. At the beginning of the experiment, during the process of adding water to the washing powder solution to 500cm3. We first ingnored the bubbles above and filled the water till the 500cm3 scale but later on we found the water was much more than 500cm3, so we repeated the experiment from the starting point once again. This time, I controled the water very carefully by pouring it softly along side the walls of the beaker and measuring cylinder to make sure there’s no bubble made during the procedures. My improvement was successful and at the second time we added water accurately to 500cm3. 2. The color of final solution in test tube â€Å"2.5mgdm-3† was as dark as that of the solution with 10mgdm-3and it’s not consistent with the general trend of other solutions. I considered the whole procedure of our experiment thoroughly and thought of two possible errors. Firstly we could have made that firstly we might add more than 5 cm3 standard detergent solution to the test tube. Secondly, because before using the 1000cm3 beaker to heat the test tube we used 500 cm3 beaker at first then we found it too small to hold six test tubes so we removed two test tubes out of the water and then put them into the bigger container. Maybe one of the two previously heated test tube was the â€Å"2.5mgdm-3† one and it’s darker because it has been heated for seconds before others.

Developing Collaborative Partnerships :: Workforce Work Essays

Developing Collaborative Partnerships Collaboration has become the byword of the 1990s as a strategy for systemic change in human services, education, government, and community agencies. Increasingly, public and private funders are rewarding or requiring collaborative efforts. The advent of block grants is creating an urgent need for integrated, locally controlled services. Shrinking resources are causing many organizations to consider the potential benefits of working together. States are looking at ways to integrate their economic, work force, and technology development efforts (Bergman 1995). Perhaps most important is the realization that the complex problems and needs of families, workers, and communities are not being met effectively by existing services that are "fragmented, crisis oriented, discontinuous, and episodic" (Kadel 1991, p. vi). Collaboration involves more intense, long-term efforts than do cooperation or coordination. Collaborating agencies make a formal, sustained commitment to accomplishing a shared, clearly defined mission. Collaborative efforts can overcome such problems as fragmentation of client needs into distinct categories that ignore interrelated causes and solutions. They can make more services available or improve their accessibility and acceptability to clients (Melaville and Blank 1993). Collaborations require a change in thinking--the ability to see the "big picture"--and in operating--alteration of structures, policies, and rules to make service delivery seamless. Such changes, or "paradigm busting" (Bendle/Carman 1996) can be intimidating or threatening; in addition, other barriers must be overcome in order to make partnerships work: negative past experiences with collaboration; difficult past/present relationships among agencies; competition and turf issues; personality conflicts; differing organizational norms, values, and ideologies; lack of precedent; and fear of risk (Anderson 1996; National Assembly 1991). This Brief looks at successful collaborations involving work force development, family literacy, and welfare reform to identify the elements that make collaborations effective. Based on existing guidelines and successful programs, the steps needed to create and sustain collaborative relationships are described to help adult, career, and vocational educator s forge the linkages that could improve services. Collaborative Examples One-stop career centers are collaborative efforts among agencies that have traditionally provided employment and training services such as information, counseling, referral, and placement; U.S. Department of Labor funding has supported their development in several states. Before the federal initiative, a prototype arose in Waukesha, Wisconsin (Anderson 1996), where the Workforce Development Center provides an integrated, seamless system of employment services through the joint efforts of nine public and private agencies, including the state job service, a technical college, child care center, labor organization, and county health and human services department.

A History of Pakistan Essay

â€Å"Believe it or not, India and Pakistan were once a solid and unified country: the citizens of the Indian border states of Rajasthan and Punjab were almost looking similar to the citizens of Pakistan† (Paul, 2005). â€Å"So when India became free from the British colonizers in 1947, conflicts between the India and Pakistan started to become intense. Since then, India and Pakistan have continuously been angry and uninterested towards each other—in fact, they have already participated in three major wars—and even during periods of peace, the two country’s relationship had always been on the line† (Jaffrelot, 2005). â€Å"Inspired by their conflicts regarding territories† over the region of Kashmir, anger and hatred developed between the two countries over the years. For Pakistanis, the Kashmir dispute has become a symbol of broken pledges and Indian duplicity, and they are constantly attempting to raise the issue whenever possible, thus drawing strong reactions from India; on the other hand, India considers Kashmir as a vital part of the country, and attempts of the Pakistanis are viewed as an act to smear India’s image (Conboy, 1992). Read more:  Current Political Situation of Pakistan Up to this day, Kashmir remains the world’s largest and most highly militarized territorial dispute. Worse, as the years passed by, many issues have coupled the long-lived dispute over Kashmir, such as: the linked issues of the Siachen Glacier, the Wular Lake Barrage, and the current Kashmiri struggle; communalism and the plight of the minorities; nuclear developments; periodic domestic troubles; the Afghanistan crisis; and the involvement of outside powers (King, 1998). The Benefits of Pakistan Partition â€Å"Economic programs in Pakistan after the period of its partition emphasized on core planning. The Pakistani government established objectives for controlling private industries. The partition was established in order to improve domestic businesses and reduce dependence on foreign trade. These efforts led to the stability of its economic development in the 1950s† (Jones, 2003). However, excellent results stopped coming in the two straight decades. By the early 1970s Pakistan had succeeded in conquering its goal of stability in terms of food availability, â€Å"although this food was not really available to all Pakistanis because of the flawed distribution and shortcomings in the harvest†. In the late 1970s the Pakistani government began to decrease its power over the economy, which led to slowed development toward this goal. By 1991, however, the Pakistani government still controlled or managed many industries, including mining and financing, manufacturing and construction. Economic development enhanced during this time, at least gradually as a result of economic programs supported by foreign loans (Jones, 2003). A financial crisis after the partition stimulated Pakistan to institute major economic reforms. Because the partition resulted into an incredible surge in oil prices, Pakistan was haunted by a barrage of payments problem. To gather loans from well-regarded funding organizations, Pakistan made up its mind to implement programs in order to free its economy. These economic programs eliminated many strict government policies on investment, and established tariff systems that maintained trading at a manageable level. â€Å"Also, reform deregulated many industries and privatized many public enterprises. These reforms continued through the mid-1990s, although at a slower rate because of political changes in India’s government. In 1993 Pakistan permitted Pakistan-owned private banks to be established along with a minority of foreign banks† (Holliday, 2000). â€Å"With the reforms, Pakistan incredibly made a smooth transition from a closed and very restrictive economy to one that is open and free to the world. By 1996 to 1997, foreign investment had grown to nearly $6 billion, up from $165 million in 1990 to 1991. Exports and imports also improved significantly at the same time. Economic growth since the 1980s has brought with it an expansion of the middle class, which was estimated to form 20 to 25 percent of Pakistan’s population in the mid-1990s. As a result, the demand for consumer goods has expanded rapidly† (Mittmann, 1991). In Pakistan, the upsurge of innovative activity seems to have had more to do with the advent of partition than with the Silicon Valley phenomenon. The partition has dramatically changed the market and supply conditions, from being shortage and seller driven to being buyer and competition driven. To survive and grow, firms have to focus on improving their competitiveness. They are realizing that the real source of industrial competition today lies in innovation and the rapid technological change taking place throughout the world. Technology is now a key determinant of strategic change in Pakistani firms. Industrial development based on indigenous technology development is still an elusive dream, but the ‘process’ of technology acquisition and assimilation is now very much a strategic process, aligned with firms’ need to build competencies (Kudaisya, 2001). The partition has stimulated the rapid growth of innovation-driven industries such as information technology (IT), communications technology, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. This has led to a new type of business enterprise known as the knowledge enterprise and a new sector of the economy known as the knowledge economy. This sector is now a significant component of the national economy and accounts for a large portion of economic growth. The partition created renewed interest in innovative entrepreneurship as a key driver for the rapid diffusion of innovation in business and industry. Entrepreneurship occupies centre stage in the wealth creation process in the knowledge economy (Cohen, 2004). References: Cohen, S, 2004. The Idea of Pakistan. Brookings Institution Press. Conboy, K, 1992. Elite Forces of India and Pakistan. Osprey Publishing Holliday, T, 2000. Insight Guide Pakistan. Insight Guides; 3rd edition Jaffrelot, C, 2005. A History of Pakistan and Its Origins. Anthem Press; New edition Jones, O, 2003. Pakistan: Eye of the Storm. Yale University Press; 2nd edition King, J, 1998. Lonely Planet Pakistan. Lonely Planet Publications; 5th edition Kudaisya, G, 2001. The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia. Routledge; 1st edition Mittmann, K, 1991. Culture Shock! : Pakistan. Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company Paul, T, 2005. The India-Pakistan Conflict: An Enduring Rivalry. Cambridge University Pres

Aids India

Matter of Life or Death India is the seventh largest Country in the world, home to one billion people and vast ethnic diversity. It has been making great leaps with education, industrialization and technology. Literacy rates are continuously going up along with life expectancy. India has been making continuous progress in many aspects for a country that has been relatively poor and extremely poverty-stricken. India is also one of the world’s largest democracies meaning that citizens have a great deal of political freedom.The average Indian citizen lives in a rural area and consumes 30 times less resources than an American citizen consumes. Although India is making many improvements, there are certain issues that continue to creep around and into the lives of Indian people and will continue to do so for a very long time. HIV/AIDS is one of these issues, an issue that has been taking millions of lives and affecting the lifestyles of many Indian people. HIV/AIDS is one of the mos t concerning problems for India; it continues to manifest regardless of the many efforts made by the Indian government.HIV/AIDS is not just a problem that India must deal with; it has affected nearly every region in the world but every country and population responds to epidemics with a different approach and one must consider all the different aspects. In India, many unique factors have been linked with the growth, prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS. The causes for the emergence of HIV/AIDS in India are still unclear however; some believe that foreign visitors that had sexual contact with the sex workers in India are to blame. Many believe this because initial cases were found in sex worker and truck drivers.HIV/AIDS emerged into India later than most other countries and the first cases were reported in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Studies also indicate that heterosexual sex was the method in which most initial cases occurred through. It was first identified in the early 80’s in s ex workers from Tamil Nadu. The infection rates of the disease peaked in the early 90’s and it had made its way into low – risk individuals across the whole country in just ten years. (Avert, 2011) The most recent estimates state that there are currently 2. million individuals living with HIV in India and of that, 39% are females and 3. 5% are children. Considering age as a factor, the highest infection rates occur in people aged 30-34 in India. HIV rates for the nation have been decreasing according to recent studies (NACO, 2007) and the area of southern India which was impacted the most by this epidemic has shown a decrease in infection rates (Kumar R. , Jha P. et al. , 2006). Seventy percent of infections are reported in six states: Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Manipur, Nagaland and Karnataka.Currently the state of Andhra Pradesh holds the highest prevalence rate (1%) out of the 28 states and out of the high-risk groups in this Andhra Pradesh; the highes t rate is among MSM (17%) (Avert, 2011). In recent years the rate of injection drug users has been increasing in many states and has given HIV an opportunity to spread. One of these states are Punjab in the northeast of India where a third of the population is addicted to drugs and has become one of the world’s leading areas in drug trafficking and usage (Glut, 2011). In the Punjab’s capital city Amritsar, the prevalence rate among IDU’s is as high as 30%.In many states of India drug use has become another concerning phenomenon that is helping with the spread of HIV/AIDS. Although the nation’s prevalence rates of HIV have decreased, it does not mean that the situation is getting better. This disease will continue to claim millions of lives because India does not have the equipment or resources needed in most areas; along with that the taboos, and stigma in India will negatively affect the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS. The way that Indians think ab out HIV/AIDS plays a major role in treatment and prevention efforts.There are many parts of the world where one with HIV/AIDS is able to go to a doctor, friend or family member to get support. In India, this is not the case for the most part. It is a country with a strict social hierarchy and most Indian people still believe in arranged marriages. The people of India stigmatize HIV/AIDS, which often leads to discrimination, denial, humiliation and rejection from family/community and medical staff. HIV/AIDS is not just any disease in India, since it is linked to controversial behaviours HIV/AIDS comes with a lot more baggage than for instance cancer does.HIV/AIDS is extremely under reported due to the many psychological hardships one must face in order to get the help that they need. Currently 50% of people with HIV are aware of their status; people that seek treatment often face traumatizing experiences with the medical staff. The government of India supports voluntary testing howev er, a very high percentage of cases have been reported in which the patient had been tested against their will, which in return would dictate the quality of medical care they would receive.In many cases, individuals have been denied medical services because of their status and people that are HIV+ and belong to a high-risk group face double the discrimination and stigma because they are a part of a controversial group. There is a direct correlation with Indian culture and the identification of HIV/AIDS in India. In order to successfully educate and treat the Indian population we must take into account the very sensitive cultural values of Indian people and customize action plans accordingly. Sex in India is highly discouraged amongst non-married couples and the topic is hushed.Indians greatly value marriage and hold the lowest divorce rate in world (Divorce Mag, 2011). Woman are seen as disgraceful, worthless and disgusting if they engage in sex with a partner before marriage and in most cases are disowned or face harsh consequences for their actions from family members and other social groups. For Indian people it is ideal to have and maintain one sexual partner although woman in India face double standards while men are able to participate in sexual intercourse with multiple partners there for the HIV status of women is highly dependent on the behaviour of their partner(s)/spouse.The taboo of talking about sex publically and sex in general is the main reason for the hardships faced by educators, organizations and other public figures who try to make efforts with the awareness of HIV/AIDS. India is a place where a bar can possibly be shut down if any public display of affection is shown. There can be many explanations for the way Indian people think about sex that date back to the history of the first civilizations and religious texts that may have influenced and shaped the ideology of Indian people today.This is a way of thinking that has existed in India fo r thousands of year and will continue to do so for a very long time. Education and communication is extremely difficult in a place where the population is not willing to listen, Indian people tend to ignore and underestimate HIV/AIDS because they are unwilling to talk about it. Most Indian people are unaware of the facts that in return cause them to link it to unacceptable behaviours creating stigma, discrimination and denial due to lack of knowledge.People are hesitant to expose their HIV status and discuss issues with people. HIV/AIDS has claimed many lives in India, more so then many other parts of the world. The world fact book estimated 170 000 deaths in the year 2009 (ranked third highest in the world). Causality rates of HIV/AIDS related deaths have been decreasing in recent years. Many efforts have been made to prevent the spread of the disease by the government and other organizations yet India ranks as one of the top countries on HIV/AIDS hit list.The people of India have a hard time explaining and discussing the impact that HIV/AIDS has left on their country. People often are surprised and thrown off when they are presented with actual statistics, they see the disease as someone else’s problem with the attitude that it is a disease that infects the â€Å"scum of society† but once they are presented with the statistics they are immediately appalled. Indian youth is continuously encouraged to ignore such topics and refrain from talking about sex by their families.Another interesting issue is the misleading statistics that the government of India presents which understates the real statistics, Indian people lose trust in the government and don’t know which statistics to believe (Drynan, 2001). Indian people that live in poor areas with very low income believe that the spread of infection is mainly because a family member has to migrate to another location for a long period of time to find work and make an income to support his/her family. Since the majority of the population in India is poor, this is the leading explanation that most families will have.Indian people that are HIV + believe that the spread of the disease is linked to the decision of keeping HIV statuses a secret. Some sex workers admit that they do not expose their status to clients in fear of losing their job. Indian people are aware that health care systems need to improve in order to stop HIV/AIDS from spreading. There also a large portion of people who believe in fate and that if someone is infected with HIV/AIDS it is in their fate to die that way. â€Å"In the past I never thought that I would contract such a big disease, or neither would my husband.I had that much faith in him because we wouldn’t do such things. Now I don’t talk to my husband, I don’t know his whereabouts. God gave me this disease, what God metes out, Only God can judge. I have a daughter who is HIV + as well. I feel bad that my child has it but wha t can one do. I have a lot of problems at work, my co-workers tease me and shun me. They do not come near me† Anita who is HIV+ explained her thoughts about her status (Lets Break Through, 2006). Since the creation of antiretroviral therapy (ART/ARV) many lives have been extended and maybe even saved.In India these drugs are becoming more available and the price of these drugs is declining as time goes by how ever not everyone has access to these drugs. Many areas of India where these drugs are needed are poor areas where Doctors refuse to practise due to lack of income available. Many villages do not have access to someone who can administrate these drugs. The main factor is money, these drugs are expensive and many families simply cannot afford them. Recently the government has been focusing on distributing free antiretroviral drugs but it is impossible to reach everyone in need with the available funds.India is also actively manufacturing generic low-cost ARV’s. Out of all the people that need treatment only ? are receiving it (Avert, 2011) and many are not adhering due to high costs of drugs/testing, poor counselling, inadequate understanding and intolerance to drugs. Treatment centres are located in every state where HIV/AIDS is prevalent, screening is voluntary (ideally) and counselling is provided. The types of screening available are: Western blot test, ELISA, viral load test, CD4 count and blood biochemistry.Luckily India has a strong pharmaceutical industry and is taking advantage of it by reaching out to its patients. Another issue is drug resistant people; in Mumbai 18% of newly diagnosed people were resistant to at least one drug (World Bank, 2011) so second-line therapy is required. Another concerning problem is that therapy in India is unstructured. Although these drugs are becoming more available in India, those in need are often denied access by the health care providers. The poor are ignored and usually do not have the funds or t he resources to obtain the drugs. HIV/AIDS Treatment and Prevention in India, 2011) Some other popular alternative traditional therapy in India includes Chinese medicine, Homeopathy, acupuncture and siddha medicine (Life Positive, 2011).The impact that HIV/AIDS will have on India in the future may be devastating if the current trends do not change. Treatment needs to be made more available, Health care providers need to be trained adequately and the general population needs to be educated. Many organizations and government have helped with the control of this epidemic such as promoting condom use are making improvements. Condoms are now used among many sex workers who ecite the policy of â€Å"no condom, no sex† to their customers and this is important because as of today condoms are the single most convenient and effective way of preventing the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. There is no doubt that India is putting resources towards organizations that will pro vide services for the Indian population but this alone is not enough, Indian people themselves will need to accept and face this issue in order to make progress. Since India has a large portion of High-risk groups, there is always going to be danger and opportunity for HIV/AIDS to spread.The rates vary from state to state but World Banks estimates that by 2033 mortality by infectious diseases will increase and of that, AIDS will represent 22% of total deaths. India has economic, cultural and other demographic factors that hamper prevention efforts. Discrimination, denial and stigma will continue to cause damaged relationships, torn families, physical isolation, desertion, economic implications, lower quality of life and death. This disease will continue to control the lives of people that are infected.

The Differences (and Similarities) Between Dystopian and Post-Apocalyptic Fiction

The Differences (and Similarities) Between Dystopian and Post-Apocalyptic Fiction From The Hunger Games to The Walking Dead, dystopian and post-apocalyptic stories have become massively popular- and their popularity shows no signs of slowing down. In many cases, the line between the two genres is decidedly blurred. However, each has unique characteristics that separate it from the other. Most noticeably, while dystopian fiction often explores social or political struggle, society is still operating and has not yet collapsed (although it might be on the brink). Meanwhile, in apocalyptic fiction, the focus is less on society and more about the characters or a man vs. nature conflict.Lets look at each of these genres in more detail.What is dystopian fictionGenerally, dystopias use contemporary society as a basis for their imagined dystopias, lending an element of social warning in the texts. In this way, authors can use facets of modern society to imagine what a futuristic one might look like- and in a dystopia, that future is most often very dark and troubling.The N etflix original dystopian series Black Mirror is a great example of how this is done, as it shows how things like social media and overuse of technology might be contributing to a dystopian future for humanity. The series, as well as many other dystopian works, shows how technology might soon prove to be more harmful than good (for us as a species, and for civilization in general), and how it could indeed be making us less human- and less humane.Netflixs Black Mirror is a great example of modern dystopian storytellingDystopian literature and worksThe rise in dystopian literature follows the rise in technological innovation. In many ways, it can be seen as a response to (and fear of) the innovation we depend on in our day-to-day lives. It asks questions like: Where will all this lead us? And will social order survive?As a direct and contrasting response to utopian literature, dystopian fiction is most often seen as a genre that began with E.M. Forsters The Machine Stops, a short stor y published in 1909 in The Oxford and Cambridge Review. It was later republished in Forsters The Eternal Moment and Other Stories in 1928. In the story, humanity is forced to live underground and must rely on a large machine to provide for it. In Yevgeny Zamyatins We, the future is one that is governed entirely by logic and reasoning, with characters named D-503 and O-90. George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four, shows a society at constant war and controlling its people through propaganda, censorship, and an oppressive police state.Aldous Huxleys Brave New World, written in 1931, is the story of a world in which citizens are drugged, genetically modified and placed into castes based on their intelligence. Anthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange, published in 1962, shows a future, dystopian England that is plagued by youth violence. Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale is a dystopian tale in which the future United States is a totalitarian theocracy and women have no rights.Dystopian fiction h as also become extremely popular among Young Adult (YA) readers, with titles like The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins, The House of the Scorpion by Nancy Farmer, Divergent and Insurgent by Veronica Roth, The Maze Runner by James Dashner, and Delirium by Lauren Oliver.Some of the common themes and situations seen in dystopian fiction are:Mass povertyA police state or abuse of power by governmentTechnology gone wrongLoss of individualismIneffective or oppressive social institutionsOveruse of technology or citizens harmed/controlled by itPost-apocalyptic fictionKnown as apocalyptic fiction or post-apocalyptic fiction, the genre involves an event in which civilization or society has collapsed- whether from natural or man-made circumstances, alien invasion, zombie infections, nuclear war, etc. Therefore, one of its qualities that differs from dystopian fiction is that in the latter, there is still a society or social order (although it might be unbearable for those caught within it).Phot o by Scott Rodgerson on UnsplashSince apocalyptic fiction involves characters attempting to survive, it is often more focused on characters and their interaction with others. Themes such as sharing limited resources, trusting strangers, and surviving together are the focus. In this way, apocalyptic fiction allows authors to introduce the depths of their characters most basic fears and needs- and ultimately, determine what it means to be human in the first place.Other common themes and situations seen in apocalyptic fiction are:Depletion of resourcesDangerous weather patterns and/or exposure to the elementsRadiation after a nuclear warPandemic sickness (causing extreme loss of life)Loss of technologyNomadic livingGroup dynamics in survival situationsApocalyptic literature and worksMary Shelleys The Last Man, which was published in 1826, is considered to be the first work of apocalyptic fiction. In it, she describes a plague that kills off most of the worlds population as a group move s through Europe to attempt to escape it. Stephen Kings The Stand, published in 1978, follows a small group of survivors as they attempt to survive a man-made superflu.The Walking Dead is a post-apocalyptic comic-book series written by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard, about a group of survivors attempting to escape zombies that have become infected with a deadly (and reanimating virus). Richard Mathesons 1954 novel I Am Legend, which was later adapted for film, likewise describes a global pandemic that has turned the worlds population into zombie-like creatures.Emily St. John Mandels Station Eleven, published in 2014, focuses on a nomadic group of actors and musicians known as the Travelling Symphony and shows a world in which a global pandemic has killed off much of the worlds population. James Dashners The Maze Runner trilogy, published between 2009 and 2011, shows a world in which sun flares have scorched the planet, forcing the worlds governments to kill off most of the population to save resources. Most recently, All Systems Down by Sam Boush is an American novel describing a cyber war that brings down Western infrastructure, causing society to collapse in its wake.Cormac McCarthys The Road is perhaps one of the best written post-apocalyptic novels to date. Published in 2006, it has since been awarded the 2007 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for Fiction. It was also adapted to a film, which was released in 2009 and directed by John Hillcoat.The following quote is one of the reasons McCarthys tale is so poignant:He walked out in the gray light and stood and he saw for a brief moment the absolute truth of the world. The cold relentless circling of the intestate earth. Darkness implacable. The blind dogs of the sun in their running. The crushing black vacuum of the universe. And somewhere two hunted animals trembling like ground-foxes in their cover. Borrowed time and borrowed world and borrowed eyes with whi ch to sorrow it.Cormac McCarthys The RoadWe dont even know the main characters name, but Cormac McCarthy created a masterpiece of post-apocalyptic fiction with The RoadIt is this kind of live-in-the-moment simplicity- without smartphones or television distracting us- that attracts modern audiences to apocalyptic fiction and is perhaps one of its greatest themes.

A Commitment to Strengthening the US Housing Market

While the subprime mortgage crisis and foreclosure crisis is shocking many Americans, the truth is that it has been looking at us for several years. The US government not only helps to solve this problem but also prevents future events by creating a control system that reminds us when the real estate market is overheating. This article outlines the steps the government can take to help people who need it. The U.S. government should establish a foreclosure relief fund (FRF) for individuals who faced foreclosure during the economic crisis. The mission of the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is to provide everyone with a strong, sustainable, comprehensive community and quality affordable housing. HUD uses houses as a platform to strengthen the housing market, strengthen the economy, protect consumers, meet the demand for high-quality affordable rental housing, and improve the quality of life, without discrimination We will build a comprehensive and sustainable commun ity. Established in 1951, the National Credit Counseling Foundation (NFCCÂ ®) is the largest non-profit finance advisory body in the United States and offers the longest service period. The mission of the NFCC is to advance the national fiscal responsibility agenda and to build the capacity for its members to provide top quality financial education and advisory services. The Council for Certification (COA) is an international independent nonprofit human service certification body. Their mission is to cooperate with human service organizations around the world to improve service provision by developing, applying, and promoting certification standards. Reform and strengthen the federal midfield house. The government has reformed the use of the Residential Re-entry Center (RRC), often referred to as halfway dormitory, to provide housing to about 80% prisoners in the last month of federal judgment. The ownership and management of RRC has been fully privatized since the early 1980s, and BOP relies on a combination of commercial groups and nonprofit organizations. In November 2016, Deputy Attorney General Sally Yates announced a memorandum to instruct the BOP to use the purchasing power to thoroughly reform the individual market. In particular, this memo states that BOP sets clear and unified standards for all RRC providers, expands the collection and dissemination of RRC performance data, and is more efficient and efficient for federally re-entry services To explore alternate models that can produce market.

Criminal law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Criminal law - Assignment Example However, I would state that this was not just manslaughter but ‘unlawful act manslaughter’ as it shall be discussed later. This case is an example of what is demonstrated in R vs. Creamer1. According to this provision, it is indicated that an individual is considered to have committed unlawful act of manslaughter when in the act of carrying out a criminal act, causes another unexpected harm. In R vs. Dawson, the defendant had attempted to rob a certain petrol station. He was carrying a gun ready to use it if need be. However, he did not know that there was an attendant at the station at that time. When attendant saw the defendant, she collapsed and died. However, the defendant did not do anything that would directly be linked to the death of the attendant. The Judge held that this was an ‘unlawful act manslaughter’ stating that the defendant did not actually kill the attendant. However, it was held that he was ready to use his weapon if there would be any re sistance from anyone. He was therefore sentenced to serve several years in jail. This situation is similar to the one stated in this criminal damage article. The defendant though committed unlawful act of destroying the properties did not was not aware of whether it would have resulted in another catastrophe. He had not intended to harm the toddler, but was just driven by emotions to destroy properties. From the article, I would say that stating that the defendant was charged of ‘manslaughter’ was too general. This is because there is what is referred to as voluntary and involuntary manslaughter. The article should have been able to be clear on the matter. If for instance, the defendant was found guilty of voluntary manslaughter, he should have been jailed for life. This is because this would show that actually the man had planned to commit the criminal act. However, as indicated before, the defendant in this article had no aforethought of wanting to harm anyone in the process. It is for this purpose that this article would be said to be too general in assessing this matter. Articles 2 and 3 These two articles are related in the sense that they both refer to a similar criminal act. In both, the arsonists have set ablaze properties, which is an act of crime. However, in the ‘Britain's oldest radical bookshop is burned, but the ideas survive,’ article, it is clear that the suspects have not yet been identified2. It is therefore difficult to tell the kind of sentence that was held by the court. On the other hand though, the third article, ‘Man, 47, charged with arson attack on 1,000-year-old Winchester Cathedral after ancient deanery doors were set ablaze using charity books,’ the police managed to apprehend a man who pleaded guilty of the offence3. He was charged of being responsible for destruction of properties. However, the article is not clear on how many years the individual was to be sentenced. Despite that, the artic le was accurate in identifying the kind of crime that had been committed. In the articles, if the two individuals would be held responsible for committing a crime of Arson. However, according to the common law statutory, a crime is stated to be an arson if, ‘it was malicious and also involves burning of other people’s properties.’ for the man who was apprehended, it is clear that he maliciously committed the act4. Though the