An Analysis of Psychology in Art Essay

Kahlo’s painting Self Portrait with Cropped Hair (1940) and Lichtenstein’s Drowning Girl (1963) both utilize emotive strategies so as to pass on increasingly unpretentious sentiments. While Lichtenstein utilized a progressively intense look to his female subject, Kahlo utilizes a proper position in her self-representation, however both give the watcher distress being the middle subject behind these female figures. Kahlo’s self representation shows a lady on a seat (apparently Kahlo) with the trim bits of her hair dissipated about her. This utilization of the hair being all around the primary figure gives the watcher the impression of a fight †that Kahlo lost. Hair is a representation in the artistic creation †a similitude of harmony or quality. In the good book the image of hair can be found in the account of Samson and Delilah in which Samson got his quality from his hair, and the whore Delilah trim everything off in this manner rendering the legend futile. Assuming at that point, Kahlo’s hair is her quality it is nearly just as the watcher is peering on to a capital punishment of the lady. Capital punishment in Lichtenstein’s work is substantially more outright as the suffocating young lady states in her air pocket â€Å"I’d preferably sink over call Brad for help† which facilitates this subject of urgency and distress. The position of either female in their regarded portrayals are inverse: Lichtenstein gives his subject a stifled and sad position being as of now for the most part lowered in the water and along these lines nearer to death while in Kahlo’s painting, albeit almost every last bit of her hair is spread about her in a type of thrashing, the figure remains in erect position rather in a position of having lost the fight. There is particularly more profundity present in Kahlo’s painting, with the trim hair dissipated on the ground and the points of the seat making the watcher fell just as they are peering into this occasion. In Lichtenstein’s work the watcher is surrendered an end of the lady who doesn’t take into consideration much profundity to be seen †yet in exemplary Lichtenstein method, his utilization of level planes further build up this loss of field of profundity. This is maybe a figurative feeling of profundity since Kahlo’s picture is unobtrusive and the watcher needs to add something extra to the subject and the subtler feelings engaged with the work while in Lichtenstein’s work the watcher simply needs to peruse what the young lady says so as to comprehend everything about the artwork in one look. With a second look at the figure in Kahlo’s work (and with the historical backdrop of her ongoing separation from her unfaithful spouse Diego Rivera) the watcher may figure that this trimming of the hair is emblematic of Kahlo’s condition of feelings. Maybe she is shedding the piece of herself that Diego had asserted as Kahlo has said of her specialty, â€Å"I don't have a clue whether my works of art are Surrealist or not, however I do realize that they are simply the most straight to the point articulation. † (Kahlo). Therefore, in trimming of her hair (probably he adored long haired ladies) she is making a case of self personality away from her swindling spouse and along these lines the work of art gets changed into a lady losing hair, into a lady picking up her character. The highest point of Kahlo’s painting even states as much in saying, â€Å"†Look, on the off chance that I adored you it was a result of your hair. Since you are without hair, I don’t love you any longer. â€Å"† Lichtenstein’s picture of a lady who is likewise in the awful finish of adoration additionally has a little piece of this character. She expresses that she would prefer to bite the dust than have Brad come and help her, however the watcher ponders, why doesn’t the lady attempt and spare herself? The profundity that is inadequate in the field of vision with Lichtenstein’s work is supplanted by a profundity into character of the lady. An analyst may contend that the lady has an Ophelia complex (from Hamlet) in which she would prefer to bite the dust than live without her sweetheart. In either occurrence, unmistakably the two craftsmen are attempting to portray a passionate state wherein love is the reason for the impacts. Lichtenstein’s work is predominately improved through DC funnies (a board of which roused The Drowning Girl). His utilization of Benday spots stress an elaborate methodology. Kahlo’s craftsmanship is increasingly dreamlike in nature and representative in style as is obvious in Self Portrait with Cropped Hair. In strange style, Kahlo permits the exchange of sexual orientation to assume a command job in the work of art. The figure, Kahlo herself, is wearing men’s slacks and a shirt, in this manner permitting the short hair to nearly characterize her in a manly limit. In Lichtenstein’s work the sexual orientation of the artistic creation is very clear with the lady demonstrating qualities a powerless lady suffocating in the water just as in adoration. This lady gives up her command over her destiny in a somewhat accommodating segment of gentility (the watcher is helped to remember the enormous bosomed females with sickening apprehension films who run from the beast in radical advances just to fall in their high heels and be wrecked by their follower). In Kahlo’s painting, maybe in light of this sex bowing thought, the lady becomes like a man, that is, ready to endure, or, in examination, she turns into the follower and accordingly solid. Contrary to the good book story at that point, Kahlo doesn't in certainty become feeble in losing her hair, but instead the work of art is intended to propose that she gets solid in this shedding of hair, and spouse. In either painting plainly the two craftsmen are keen on the brain research of their subject. In the DC comic world by which Lichtenstein picked up motivation, ladies were fairly defenseless animals in the 1960’s just increasing a ladylike position in the 1980’s or something like that. His vision of ladies through his representation gives the watcher that without adoration, a lady doesn't have a character, and in this way, passing is an intelligent substitute to not having a ‘Brad’. In Kahlo’s painting the equivalent might be deciphered; she permits her womanliness to encompass her on the ground as her hair, and her change into a man makes her more grounded. It is then intriguing to take note of the decades which lie between either painting †it might be said that Kahlo was dynamic with her painting style and her portrayal of ladies (maybe observing Kate Chopin’s The Awakening where the hero can't live in a man’s world and hence suffocates herself in a demonstration of opportunity). Obviously in the two craftsmanships there are forceful feelings which impel the subjects into the spots they remain before the watcher. The passionate excursion has reached a conclusion in either painting or the female figures either guarantee their characters (on account of Kahlo) or they become lowered in our current reality where they can't live without adoration (on account of Lichtenstein). The brain research of the principle characters gets clear through the artists’ rendering using space, content, and imagery. Works Cited Alloway, Lawrence, Roy Lichtenstein, N. Y. : Abbeville, 1983 759. 1 L701A Claudia Bauer, Frida Kahlo, Munich: Prestel Verlag, 2005. Frida Kahlo, ed. Elizabeth Carpenter, exh. feline. , Minneapolis: Walker Art Center, 2007 759. 972 K12FR Gannit Ankori, Imagining Her Selves: Frida Kahlo’s Poetics of Identity and Fragmentation, Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 2002. Hayden Herrer, Frida Kahlo: The Paintings, N. Y. : Harper Collins, 1991. 759. 072 K12H Lobel, Michael, Image Duplicator: Roy Lichtenstein and the Emergence of Pop Art, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002. Pop Art: A Critical History, Steven H. Madoff, ed. , Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1997 709. 73 P8242 Waldmann, Diane, Roy Lichtenstein, exh. feline.. , N. Y. : Guggenheim Museum, 1993. 759. 1 L701WAL Whiting, Cecile, A Taste for Pop: Pop Art, Gender and Consumer Culture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Passages in IF I Stay by Gayle Forman

Here and there you settle on decisions throughout everyday life and some of the time decisions make you. † At 2:48 A. M. (Page 67) I accept life is about the little choices we make each day. There is a decision you need to make in all that you do. So we should remember that, the decision we make, makes us. Since all things considered, everything Just a matter of decision. â€Å"†¦ Dying is simple. Living is difficult. † At 10:40 P. M. (Page 62) Living is difficult. Living without reason and without somebody who cherishes you is even harder.And life has a ton of ups and down. The world is a risky and startling spot. It takes gut to confront the world. It takes a ton of fearlessness to represent the world. Possibly it's excessively powerful however it relies upon one's perspective. Kicking the bucket is an actual existence possibility or a decision. It's anything but difficult to choose whether you need to pass on or not. Subsequently I accept this announcement is val id. â€Å"Life may bring you down various streets. In any case, every one of you gets the opportunity to choose which one to take. † At 4:57 A. M. Page 73) This entry is likewise about settling on a decision. There are a wide range of streets we will experience, however at long last, it relies upon our own choice. Life is the best excursion you will be on, so the choices we make can influence our lifestyle. The choices we make in life can make our life. â€Å"People accept what they need to accept. † 4:49 P. M. (Page 29) People accept what they need to accept more often than not. They accept things with no explanation yet they accept generally without great reason.Lots of individuals have purposes behind what they accept, yet when those reasons are refuted they till remain on their perspective. â€Å"Fake it till you make it. † 5:40 P. M. (Page 35) If you don't feel sure, imagine you are until you gain the experience that is totally supportive of genuine. Act li ke you are something so you can, truth be told, become that thing. Despite the fact that it may appear power before all else, soon it will get regular. The brain can be deceived, and you can adjust your life in that little stunt. You will realize what you have to and transform imagine certainty into the genuine article.

How to Write A Report The Guide From The Experts

How to Write A Report The Guide From The Experts A report is an inscribed account that one has perceived, heard, and investigated. It is a well-organized and systematic presentation of findings and facts of an event that has previously taken place. In this blog, we will show you the best ways of how to write a report. Reports are used as a method of written valuation to discover what you have erudite from your interpretation, experience, or research also to give you knowledge of an essential skill that is broadly used in the workplace. A report is written for a specific purpose, even to the particular audience. Specific evidence and information are presented, applied, and analyzed to a specific issue or problem. The evidence is presented in a structured layout making use of headings and sections so that the data and information are easy to discover and trail. Once you are requested to write a report, you will generally be specified a report transitory that offers you with guidelines and instructions. Some keys steps which resolve the issue of how to write a report? How To Write a Report Summary How To Write a ReportHeadlineBylineOpening paragraphAn account of the occurrence in detailConcluding sectionReport PresentationFontListsHeadings SubheadingsDifferent Types of ReportsAcademic WritingBusiness WritingTechnical WritingWrap Up Some key steps of how to write a report are given below: Headline A descriptive title that is communicative of the substances of the report. Byline Name of the individual writing the report with the description. It is usually specified in the question. Reminisce, you aren’t supposed to state your particular details and description in your answer. Date and place of reporting- It is usually not stated in a report distinctly, but here, it is. Opening paragraph It comprises the expansion of the front-page. It requires to be short because it is a general outline of the report.   An account of the occurrence in detail It is usually written in 2 parts: First, wide-ranging account of what occurred in its sequential order (preferably) and next, the witness comments. Concluding section This will comprise the achievement that has been occupied up to now or that will be occupied. Report Presentation You will need to existing your report in a concise and simple format, i.e., easy to understand and navigate. Readers require to be capable to look over a report also get to the data and information they want as rapidly as possible. That manner, the report has a countless impression on the reader. Some simple organizing styles can be used through the report that will make it informal to read also look presentable and organized also helps how to write a report. For example: Font Use only one font in your report. The easiest font, for example, Times New Roman or Arial, is best for the report. Section titles can be a different font from the key text if you prefer. Lists Use list whenever suitable to break data and information into easy-to-understand opinions. Lists can either be bulleted or numbered. Headings Subheadings You can use subheadings and headings through your report to recognize many topics also break the text into wieldy chunks. These will assist in keeping the report organized also can be registered in the table of contents so that you can found quickly. Different Types of Reports Though the fundamentals of any report are similar, there are some important differences among academic, technical, and business reports which help how to write a report are given below. Academic Writing The key thing to note is that this kind of writing is formal. Normally, it should be free of contractions also any slang. Business Writing Business writing will take on a formal tone. Though, it’s allowable to be slightly less closed up.   Technical Writing Technical reports emphasize on how to perform something. Though an academic or even a commercial report will try to prove something, technical writing is more expressive. Moreover, the report format for professionals and students may cite evidence also facts to make their case; however, technical writings are more probable to trail a logical approach. Wrap Up Fundamentally, a report is a sharp, short, concise text which is written for a specific audience and purpose. It usually sets outs also analyses a problem or situation, frequently making references for upcoming action. Different types of reports are also described above with complete detail. The format and presentation style are also described here. If yes, please submit your assignment along with the deadline. We will return with exact and excellent arrangements within a given deadline. Our experts help you to recognize how to write a report. With our methodology, we pledge you get maximum grades. You can also place your assignment order through completing our Order form or through Live Conversation with our online expert’s representative. Interchangeably, you may request our writing expert session services where our professional and trained Bibliography assignments writing expert will be capable of leading you through the procedure of making a high excellent bibliographic example.

Cultural Identities Gender, Race, And Media - 2270 Words

Chandrakala Sunwar ID: 1303082 1 ECTS5001 Cultural Identities: Gender, Race Media Chandrakala Sunwar, FSH (1303082) Framing images of feminity Chandrakala Sunwar ID: 1303082 2 Women both on and off screen have been portrayed in a manner that represent some feminist preference. Specifically, the feminist ideology is reproduced and represented in the manner in which female are dressed both on screen and off-screen. In a review of past period of time, women roles were only to do with household chores and they dressed in a manner that showed what could be expressed as an ideal woman. However, the view point toward women has largely changed from the view of an ideal woman to the view of a modest woman with the increase in ideological theory of social equality and gender empowerment. The view of a modest woman has been largely increased by the help of media on the feminist ideologies as well as the manner in which media presents women on screen. For instance, media presents women dressed in a manner that shows some sexual appeals in which the dress shows some modest body structure and exposes some body parts of women. The above p aragraph tells us the fact that women both on screen and off-screen have been over-identified with their image. The purpose of this essay is going to critically evaluate the different ways in which dress in visual cultural contributes to the formation of feminine gender roles in the society.Show MoreRelatedHow Society Perceives Different Groups Based On Race, Class, And Gender1656 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper explores how society perceives different groups based on race, class, and gender. The paper will compare and contrast Robert Grandfield’s research on how elite students from working class interpret their perspective of stigma of social class and Edward W. Morris’s analysis of inequality in education based on race, class, and gender. 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The Role Of Racial Tension And The Consequence Of...

John Dower takes a look at the role of racial tension and the consequence of reconstruction and military policy in the Pacific theater of World War II. These racial tensions in World War Two were not confined to the tensions between Nazi Germany and European Jewish persons. These feelings were spread between other European groups, the United States, and Asian countries. The racial feelings that lay between Japan and the United States was readily displayed through various mediums, which include propaganda film, written documentation, and cartoons. Military and public figures were also documented expressing these views of racial inferiority. Part one of Dower’s book goes through ideas before, during and after World War II. Starting off†¦show more content†¦The Japanese, though, had a similar facade covering their actions in Asia. Prior to World War II, there was a number of colonial settlements in Asia to which were controlled by Western Allies. â€Å"In the highly publicized Assembly of the Greater East Asiatic Nations convened in Tokyo in November 1943, a succession of Asian leaders voiced support for Japan and placed the war in East-versus-West, Oriental-versus-Occidental, and ultimately blood-versus-blood context†(6). The war appeared to be a way for Asian leaders to gain control over their own lands again; however, Japan’s behavior towards other Asians caused for a lose of support in their growth. the Japanese became â€Å"dominating the political scene, taking over local economies, imposing broad programs of â€Å"Japanization,† slapping non-Japanese in public, torturing and e xecuting dissidents, exploiting native labor so severely that between 1942 and 1945 the death toll among such workers numbered in the hundreds of thousands† (7). Though moving across the continent under ideals of a â€Å"free Asia,† the Japanese were also moving with the ideal of imperialism and cultural superiority. During the war, propaganda that was used to drive home stereotypes of each cultural group. â€Å"On the part of the Japanese , this involved singling out the emphasis placed on individualism and profit making in the Western tradition, and presenting this as proof positive that Westerners were

Lend-lease and United States Free Essays

In this lesson, you learned about the shift from U. S. isolationism to interventionism in the years before World War II. We will write a custom essay sample on Lend-lease and United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now Use this knowledge to complete the 05. 01 Assignment: Step 1: Think about these big questions: When was the tipping point at which the United States could no longer be considered an isolated nation? At what point could the United States no longer avoid involvement in World War II? Step 2: Respond to each of the prompts below in a separate paragraph: Explain the reasons for U. S. neutrality during the 1920s and 1930s. How did ideas about neutrality change during the period from the end of World War I to the passage of the Lend-Lease Act? Be sure to include any events, terms, or people that may support your response. In your opinion, what was the point at which U. S. actions were no longer neutral? Explain your reasoning with supporting details from the lesson. Criticize or defend each of the U. S. ctions surrounding World War II that are isted below. Justify your opinion with supporting details from the lesson. How to cite Lend-lease and United States, Papers

Lend-lease and United States Free Essays

In this lesson, you learned about the shift from U. S. isolationism to interventionism in the years before World War II. We will write a custom essay sample on Lend-lease and United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now Use this knowledge to complete the 05. 01 Assignment: Step 1: Think about these big questions: When was the tipping point at which the United States could no longer be considered an isolated nation? At what point could the United States no longer avoid involvement in World War II? Step 2: Respond to each of the prompts below in a separate paragraph: Explain the reasons for U. S. neutrality during the 1920s and 1930s. How did ideas about neutrality change during the period from the end of World War I to the passage of the Lend-Lease Act? Be sure to include any events, terms, or people that may support your response. In your opinion, what was the point at which U. S. actions were no longer neutral? Explain your reasoning with supporting details from the lesson. Criticize or defend each of the U. S. ctions surrounding World War II that are isted below. Justify your opinion with supporting details from the lesson. How to cite Lend-lease and United States, Papers

MSDS Management Essay Example

MSDS Management Paper How long has MSDSonline been in business? Since 1996 How many customers does MSDOnline have? over 7,000 OSHA? Occupations Safety and Health Adminstration What federal agency does OSHA belong to? Department of Labor What is the hazard communication standard that mandates MSDS management? 29 CFR 1910.1200 When would an employee need access to an MSDS? Before handling, shipping or storing the product What are the requirements of an electronic MSDS management system? Employees must be able to print an MSDSHave an msds for every hazardous chemical MSDSs must be readily accessible Employees must be trained on how to get the MSDS Back up must be in place We will write a custom essay sample on MSDS Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on MSDS Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on MSDS Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer What is WHMIS? Workplace Hazardous Material Information System What does JCAHO stand for? Joint Commission Accreditations Healthcare Organization What industry does JCAHO oversee? HealthCare What does GPO stand for? Group Purchasing Organization What GPOs do we work with? Amerinet, Consorta, Premier, Novation What does NFPA stand for? National Fire Protection Association What is the purpose of a CAS#? Unique Identifier System of pure chemicals What does HMIS stand for? Hazardous Materials Information System What does CAS# stand for? Chemical Abstract Service Number What does SARA stand for? Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act What is the SARA list? The EPA has a list of several thousand SARA reportable chemicals. Any company that meets or exceed the allowed thresholds of these chemicals must report them to the EPA; and in some cases to the state and local governments like fire departments on an annual basis. Why are the SARA reporting regulations in place? To inform the public, companies and government agencies of toxic and hazardous chemicals/materials. Also: to make sure companies know what chemicals they are handling, encourage them to get rid of their nasty chemicals using safer and environmentally friendly substitutes and to inform the federal, state, and local governments what nasty chemicals they are using. How can we help with SARA reporting? Our customers must index all of their MSDSs CAS#s ($1 per MSDS). After this is completed they can then run a report which will compare the CAS#s of the SARA reportable chemicals against the SARA list. What does TRI stand for? Toxic Release Inventory What is a TRI report? Informs the public and government about the routine release of toxic chemicals into the environment. Do all workplaces have to follow OSHA HAZCOM regs? Yes, all workplaces that store or handle hazardous chemicals have to comply with either the Federal OSHA standards or their own State OSHA standards which must be at least as tough as the Federal Standards. How often and when does a company have to do SARA reporting? Annually in March. What is Prop 65? California has a state requirement for reporting carcinogenic and extremely hazardous chemicals to the State of California EPA. This requirement is somewhat similar to the Federal SARA reporting requirements. What is a DOT hazard class? A transportation system put in place by the U.S. department of Transportation. There are over 15 pre-populated Hazard Classes in the MSDSonline system. What does Tier II inventory Data refer to? What does this information support? Found in Manage your MSDSs module at the Storage Location Level. This support most but not all of the data that is required for regulatory reports commonly required by our users. Allows a user to do inverntory tracking for the chemicals they have on site. include Storage Data, Container Size, Annual average Usage etc. NOW PRODUCT INFORMATION BEGIN How many documents does MSDSonline have in its database? Over 3.5 million How many manufacturers do we represent in our database? Over 32,000 How many visitors come to our site each month? Over 60,000 How many docs do we add each week? Around 10,000 Why does the employer need to build an eBinder? It is important to have a site-specific collection of MSDSs so that MSDSs are readily available. Explain the AutoUpdate process. If we identify a document in our master database that is more current that the document you have in your eBinder, well push this document to you. What six fields does MSDSonline automatically index? Product Name, Manufacturer, Revision date, CAS#, Supplier name, Supplier code. Name three additional fields that can be indexed on the Adminstrative Homepage. HMIS, NFPA, PPE etc. What is a DOD document? Why do we have them in our database? Department of Defense/ 1. Better than nothing 2. Military issued documents in standard format which we made available to our military clients. Can I index my companys internal product code? Yes, there is a custom field for this. Why are manufacturer original documents better than re-authored ones? Because it places all liability on the manufacturer and none on the party that reauthors the MSDS. What function does the MSDSonline Desktop application serve? It serves as a back-up What is MSDSonlines update procedure for reviewing the database? At least every three years MSDSonline with have combed through the entire database. How does MSDSonline get updated documents? Manufacturers submit updates. Our Compliance Service team contacts the manufacturers. Through requests and uploads. Do you guarantee you will get a requested MSDS for me? MSDSonline will do everything within its power, but we will not re-author a document. How many requests do I get with a GM Account? How much more is it for additional requests? 25, $200 per bundle of 50 requests. How many uploads do I get with a GM Account? 100, $200 for bundles of 100 What are the options for archiving a document? Either the customer can manually archive or have MSDSonline automatically archive the document. Does the MSDSonline database contain any scanned MSDSs? Yes, MSDSonline prefers clean electronic copies but will provide the scan if its the only option available. What is the main back-up for the GM? Paper If I want to backup my database on a cd, how much does that cost? $999 a year If I want to backup my database onto a computer how much does that cost? $250 per year. What is the info button? The blue icon with the I in the middle. Typically indicates that more information for a selected MSDS is available when user clicks on the icon. What is the Approval manager? A feature in the GM/HQ allowing the admin to apply business rules around MSDSs in the eBinder. Specifically the Admin can apply a sate to each MSDS indication whether that product is approved for use within the company or not. What are the three states within the approval manager? Approved, Pending, and Not Approved What is a custom delivered print job? The user can send a print job order form to MSDSonline for a quote on a print job. What is autocopy? the admin can choose to copy information from an older MSDS to an AUTO update when its added to the eBinder. What is a Document ID Number? Number assigned to an MSDS by MSDSonline for internal reasons. What are the three sub-levels under locations? Divisions, Facilities, Storage Locations What is the purpose of the history tab in the GM account?; History displays various events associated with a selected MSDS. There are four primary History event types: Added, Edited, Opened/Viewed, Printed. What does the term module refer to? Term to describe the various elements with GM and HQ that contain features, links, or content is small boxes, mostly displayed in the left-hand navigation pane. Modules are also displayed at the administrative homepage. THe admin can determine which modules are visible to its users. What is the HQ Account? MSDSonlines electronic deloyment tool. Where does the HQ Account reside? Most companies choose to have a link or icon reside on their intranet. The link takes the employee to the search page which is either hosted on MSdsonlines servers or the Clients server. Can employees print MSDSs from the HQAccount? YES What is the purpose of the summary sheet? Highlights information from the MSDS. What six fields does MSDSonline automatically index that will show up on these summary sheets? Product name, Manufacturer name, CAS#, Revision date, Supplier name, Supplier code. Can I turn off the summary sheet? Can I just turn off certain links within the summary sheet? Yes, the summary sheet is completely customizable. Can my employees print an inventory list of the MSDSs from the HQ Account? Yes. Does the information automatically appear on the label? What info appears? The four fields MSDSonline automatically indexes will appear, along with any additional information indexed by the administrator. How many different size labels do we offer? 3. Can I customize the label? Yes. What is the safety center for? The safety center focuses on more than just MSDSs. this space allows the user to post additional safety related information. What areas make up the safety center? Safety calendar, References, Resources, Safety Blog. Can I turn the safety center link off? Yes What languages are available? French, Spanish, English Can we provide our HQ Account with any other languages? Yes for an additional fee. Can employees add and upload MSDSs to the eBinder? The administrator will oversee this process and determine the depth that employee can use the account. How many reqests do I get with the HQ? 50 HOw long does it take to implement the HQ? 2 to 3 days but can be done within hours if need be. How much does pricing go up if only signing a one-year deal? 20% increase If the customer chooses to host the system, how much does this cost? $500 Can the employee search MSDSonlines database and add a document to their eBinder? Yes, with permission and/or approval from the Administrator. How many back up disks can I create? As many as you would like. Are the disks in searchable format? Yes. Who can burn back-up disks? The main admin or site admins with the main admins approval. What is a batch upload? Allows the user to upload multiple files at one time. MSDSonline also indexes the standard four fields. What is a File Attachment? Allows users to upload relevant information to associate a specific PDF with a particular MSDS. What is the MSDSonline Employee Add ID Box? Pop up box displayed after a user conducts a search of the MSDSonline database. The administrator is the notified of who wants to add what document and why. What is the User Invite feature? Allows the administrator to deliver a pre-written but editable email invite to users which helps with the distributions and communication of the HQ link. NOW OUR SOW PRODUCTS. First Fax-Back What is the purpose of the Fax-Back service? Serves as a back-up to the online service. Another way to deploy MSDSs. When is the Fax-back service available? 24/7 Does MSDSonline sell the fax-back w.o an HQ Account? Yes, for $500 Does MSDSonline deal with Chemical spills? Yes, MSDSonline has doctors and toxicologist on site to deal with Emergency Response. Does MSDSonline deal with Transportation Spills? Negative..And onto Compliance Services What is compliance service? Consists of MSDSonline building the customers eBinder. What 4 options does MSDSonline offer for building a customers database? eBinder Valet $5/MSDS, Scanning and Indexing($2/MSDS), Data Conversion (PDF, Sperk)$750 one-time, Verification Services $3) What are update/verification services? MSDSonline will go through any portion of our customers ebinder during their 3-year term to assure their docs are up-to-date What type of additional indexing can MSDSonline do? PpE, NFPA, Location, Internal Product Code, Additional fields are $1 per line item .50$ per ingredient. Can MSDSonline get MSDSs in other languages? Yes, if the manufacturer provides the MSDS in the language. On to Online Training.. How many courses does Basic and LMS training offer? 70 Different courses. How many topics does STK offer? 90; When can the employees take a basic or LMS course? At the employees leisure Can the customer customize an LMS course? Yes, for an additional fee. What is the STK? One-stop-shop for safety. It is an administrative tool, a one person license that deals with safety and compliance. (PPT presentations, regulatory analysis) How much is the STK? $795 What is Incident Management? An easy to use, web based system designed to help to centralize the precess of recording, tracking and reporting workplace injuries, illnesses and incidents in order to streamline compliance with OSHA 29CFR 1904 requirements. What is the Code of Federal Regulations regarding incident management? 29CFR 1904 What type of company is Incident Management best for? Mid to large size companies/locations Who hosts MSDSonline website? Qwest Communications International, Chicago IL What is the uptime of our website 99.9% What format are the MSDSs in? PDF What backup does MSDSonline have in place for its Server? We employ multiple servers running in Windows 2000 operating environment to control its front end domain routing as well as multiple servers to host the MSDSonline data repository and web site. MSDSonline utilizes a load balancer to further guarantee maximum uptime and performance from its website. What type of security does MSDSonline have in place? Security is maintained via multiple levels or password and permission based access. The site is monitored 24/7 via technology which checks current status of all servers, including monitoring for connections, CPU, disk space, event log, processes check, and services check. We are notified immediately if there are any interruptions. Full and incremental tape backups occur every 24 hours. Disaster Recovery plans exists between MSDSonline and its hosting partner. What are the basic requirements for the HQ Account? Internet Explorer, Adobe, VGA Resolution 1024768 How many MSDSs can fit on a CD? 1000 at 1000MB What two types of databases does MSDS support? Sequel and Access What type of Web Browser will MSDSonline system work? IE 6.0 or higher, Firefox 2.0 or higher, Netscape 8.1, Opera 9.02 and higher, Safari Max 2.0.2 and Linux

The Anacronistic Constitution

The Anacronistic Constitution INTRODUCTION In recent years, the Australian Constitution has come under increasing scrutiny. Pro republicans have argued that the Constitution is anachronistic and that it should be replaced by a better system; one that is more complimentary of today's lifestyle and does not include an hereditary monarch as the nation's Head-of-State. Monarchists believe that while the Constitution may need amending in some areas, the Queen as the Head-of-State reflects our history as a nation and that Constitutional crisis such as that of 1975, have been rare.It has also been suggested that the Constitution does not guarantee any particular rights for Australian citizens and that the Queen is not representative of the Australian people. Furthermore, republicans argue that heredity and appointed Heads-of-State are not consistent with a democracy.While these issues are by no means the extent of the argument for either side of the republic debate, broadly speaking they are the strongest and throughout this essay, these elements will be discussed in more detail.StateLibQld 1 270485 Festooned Lucinda cruising on...THE ARGUMENT FOR CHANGE As the current Constitution approaches its centennial anniversary in 2001, the demand for a republic appears to grow stronger. However, history has shown that previous attempts to amend, or replace, the Constitution have not been terribly successful. The Constitution as it currently stands is reported to be anachronistic, meaning that it is out of date and thus does not reflect the current ideas held by the majority of Australians. With the suggestion that a Constitution is "concerned with values, structures, functions and procedures....[and] It establishes formal relationships between the government and the governed" (Jaensch D "The Australian Constitution" in The Politics of Australia 2nd edition Macmillan 1997 pg 44) it can be argued that since the Constitution does not represent the views of the people, it is not operating correctly.George...

Selected Quotations by Amelia Earhart

Selected Quotations by Amelia Earhart Amelia Earhart was a pioneer in aviation, and set a number of records for firsts for women. In 1937, her plane disappeared over the Pacific, and while there are theories about what happened to her, there is not certain answer even today. Selected Amelia Earhart Quotations About her first airplane ride: As soon as we left the ground, I knew I had to fly. Flying may not be all plain sailing, but the fun of it is worth the price. After midnight the moon set and I was alone with the stars. I have often said that the lure of flying is the lure of beauty, and I need no other flight to convince me that the reason flyers fly, whether they know it or not, is the esthetic appeal of flying. Adventure is worthwhile in itself. The most effective way to do it, is to do it. I want to do something useful in the world. Please know that I am quite aware of the hazards. Women must try to do things as men have tried. When they fail, their failure must be but a challenge to others. [Last letter to her husband before her last flight.] Women must pay for everything. They do get more glory than men for comparable feats. But, they also get more notoriety when they crash. The effect of having other interests beyond those domestic works well. The more one does and sees and feels, the more one is able to do, and the more genuine may be ones appreciation of fundamental things like home, and love, and understanding companionship. The woman who can create her own job is the woman who will win fame and fortune. One of my favorite phobias is that girls, especially those whose tastes arent routine, often dont get a fair break.... It has come down through the generations, an inheritance of age-old customs which produced the corollary that women are bred to timidity. After all, times are changing and women need the critical stimulus of competition outside the home. A girl must nowaways believe completely in herself as an individual. She must realize at the outset that a woman must do the same job better than a man to get as much credit for it. She must be aware of the various discriminations, both legal and traditional, against women in the business world. ... now and then women should do for themselves what men have already done occasionally what men have not done thereby establishing themselves as persons, and perhaps encouraging other women toward greater independence of thought and action. Some such consideration was a contributing reason for my wanting to do what I so much wanted to do. My ambition is to have this wonderful gift produce practical results for the future of commercial flying and for the women who may want to fly tomorrows planes. In soloing as in other activities it is far easier to start something than it is to finish it. The most difficult thing is the decision to act, the rest is merely tenacity. The fears are paper tigers. You can do anything you decide to do. You can act to change and control your life; and the procedure, the process is its own reward. Never do things others can do and will do if there are things others cannot do or will not do. Never interrupt someone doing what you said couldnt be done. Anticipation, I suppose, sometimes exceeds realization. There are two kinds of stones, as everyone knows, one of which rolls. Worry retards reaction and makes clear-cut decisions impossible. Preparation, I have often said, is rightly two-thirds of any venture. Amelia is a grand person for such a trip. She is the only woman flyer I would care to make such an expedition with. Because in addition to being a fine companion and pilot, she can take hardship as well as a man and work like one. (Fred Noonan, Amelias navigator for the around-the-world flight) A single act of kindness throws out roots in all directions, and the roots spring up and make new trees. The greatest work that kindness does to others is that it makes them kind themselves. Better do a good deed near at home than go far away to burn incense. No kind action ever stops with itself. One kind action leads to another. Good example is followed. A single act of kindness throws out roots in all directions, and the roots spring up and make new trees. The greatest work that kindness does to others is that it makes them kind themselves. I lay no claim to advancing scientific data other than advancing flying knowledge. I can only say that I do it because I want to. For the economic structure we have built up is all too often a barrier between the worlds work and the workers. If the younger generation finds the hurdle too absurdly high, I hope it will not hesitate to tear it down and substitute a social order in which the desire to work and learn carries with it the opportunity to do so. Like many horrid children I loved school, though I never qualified as teachers pet. Perhaps the fact that I was exceedingly fond of reading made me endurable. With a large library to browse in, I spent many hours not bothering anyone after I once learned to read. It is true that there are no more geographical frontiers to push back, no new lands flowing with milk and honey this side of the moon to promise surcease from man-made ills. But there are economic, political, scientific, and artistic frontiers of the most exciting sort awaiting faith and the spirit of adventure to discover them. In my life I had come to realize that when things were going very well indeed it was just the time to anticipate trouble. And, conversely, I learned from pleasant experience that at the most despairing crisis, when all looked sour beyond words, some delightful break was apt to lurk just around the corner. Of course I realized there was a measure of danger. Obviously I faced the possibility of not returning when first I considered going. Once faced and settled there really wasnt any good reason to refer to it. Poem by Amelia Earhart Courage is the price thatLife exacts for granting peace. The soul that knows it notKnows no release from little things:Knows not the livid loneliness of fear,Nor mountain heights where bitter joy can hear the sound of wings. Nor can life grant us boon of living, compensateFor dull gray ugliness and pregnant hateUnless we dareThe souls dominion.Each time we make a choice, we payWith courage to behold the resistless day,And count it fair. Letter from Amelia Earhart to Her Husband In a letter she gave to her future husband, George Palmer Putnam, just before their wedding in 1931, Earhart wrote: You must know again my reluctancy to marry, my feeling that I shatter thereby chances in work which means so much to me. In our life together I shall not hold you to any medieval code of faithfulness to me, nor shall I consider myself bound to you similarly. I may have to keep some place where I can go to be myself now and then, for I cannot guarantee to endure at all times the confinements of even an attractive cage. I must extract a cruel promise, and that is you will let me go in a year if we find no happiness together. About These Quotes Quote collection assembled by Jone Johnson Lewis. Each quotation page in this collection and the entire collection  © Jone Johnson Lewis. This is an informal collection assembled over many years. I regret that I am not be able to provide the original source if it is not listed with the quote. More Women Pilots If youre interested in Amelia Earhart, you might also want to read about Harriet Quimby, first woman licensed as a pilot in the United States; Bessie Coleman, the first African American to earn a pilots license; Sally Ride, the first American woman in space; or Mae Jemison, first African American woman astronaut.   More about women pilots is found in the Women in Aviation  Timeline, and more about women in space in the Women in Space timeline.

The Experiment on the Coastal Engineering to Analyse the Wave Lab Report

The Experiment on the Coastal Engineering to Analyse the Wave Behaviour and Linear Theory - Lab Report Example The thickness is always twice the diameter of the concrete armor unit for the tetrapod layers Concrete. 20 The experiment on coastal engineering was carried out in the hydraulics laboratory for approximately two hours. This experiment consisted of two parts. Part one was linear wave theory and part two was breakwater design. The venue of the experiment was Sopwith building Waves are created when the wind blows on top of the sea and the bottom layer receives frictional drag from the surface of the sea which exerts frictional drag to the next wind layer above it. This process continues in all the wind layers. The coastal zone is very important to the community around it. For the community to survive, the engineers play a big role in protecting this zone against flooding, erosion, and destruction of property by the ocean waves and tides. The laboratory work is important in that to avoid all these natural disasters. The measurements lead to commendation on how the waves acted on the coast and how they were reflected on the vertical wall. The waves that are reflected on the vertical surface had no horizontal movement and are referred to as standing waves. A rubble mound breakwater was created to make the wave to move over its Smaller waves with period 1.0s, were created to come to the conclusion about how they affect the model structure. This observation ended when the rubble mound breakwater finally failed. The wave height of a surface wave is the difference between the elevations of a crest (the highest point of the wave) and a neighboring trough (the lowest point of the wave) as it is shown at the figure below. (Dr. Alan Dykes, 2011).  

The Theory of Music Universality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Theory of Music Universality - Essay Example Its ability to communicate has been as revered as it has been suspect, and its rich social and ritualistic associations have added layers of meanings that can only be expressed in musical terms, and not in terms of words or images. Aaron Copland in his "How We Listen" says that music can be listened to and enjoyed in three different planes: the sensual, the expressive and the solely musical. The listening experience for a particular piece of music is evaluated on all these planes simultaneously, but to understand the effects of music it is necessary that we at least outline these levels separately. The sensual plane is the absorption of the sheer pleasure that music affords, the elevated mood it evokes, and the escape from the mundanities of life it makes possible. The expressive plane, on the other hand, talks to the listener, but does not have a concrete message to convey, it conveys broad senses of emotion: "..... serenity or exuberance, regret or triumph, fury or delight. It expresses each of these moods, and many others, in a numberless variety of subtle shadings and differences. It may even express a state of meaning for which there exists no adequate word in any language".The third plane is where the listener is aware of the musical form, where the harmony, the melody, the rhythm, and the tonal color are consciously appreciated: the listener knows about the notes and the structure of the written music, the composer's style and thought process and can evaluate the rendition of all this by the performers. All theories of music through time have talked about the sensual, expressive or the solely musical planes in one way or the other. To understand how the perceptions on music have changed down the years, we need to examine the various thought processes of philosophers, and the conclusions they arrived at, tracing a historical outline from the Greek times, to the Baroque era and down to the present. Not much factual evidence of Greek music has survived, but an understanding of the ancient Greek philosophers like Plato and his student Aristotle, Pythagoras and Plotinus go a long way in answering a lot of queries on the views held about music in those times. Of note is the fact that music then was more of a part of people's lives than it is today, and hence the comments made by the thinkers of those times have to be understood in the appropriate context. For all our musical and philosophical sophistication, it seems that the Greeks 'lived' their music far more deeply than we do ours. Difficult though it may be for us to think of music as the kind of thing capable of revealing important fundamental truths about the world, for the ancient Greeks there seems to have been little doubt. And for good reason: their world was, after all, a fundamentally musical one. (Bowman, 1998)

Analysing Management As An Art And A Science Philosophy Essay

Analysing Management As An Art And A Science Philosophy Essay Discuss this statement in relation to whether management could be described as a profession. Is management characterized as an art ,as a science or both? In order to investigate the nature of Management, it would be useful firstly to define it. According to Drucker Management is about human beings. Its task is to make people capable of joint performance, to make their strengths effective and their weaknesses irrelevant. This is what organization is all about, and this is the reason why management is the critical, determining factor (Drucker,2001, pp.10). Nowadays, practically everyone works for a managed institution, large or not, business or not. Our living actually depends on management. The ability we have to contribute to society, depends firstly on the way, the institute we work for, is managed and furthermore on our own abilities, devotion and effort. For years now, there has been a great debate on whether management can be characterized as a science or as an art. Some of the most important authors that tried to examine if management is an art or a science are Lester et al. (1998), Watkins (1993),Bohn (1994), Calkins (1959), Schiemann and Lingle (1997), and Weick (1996). This essay focuses on the studies that have been conducted on the nature of management, and its purpose is to reveal if management is an art, a science, or a combination of them, in relation to whether management could be described as a profession. We will try to answer that, by discussing the insufficiency of the technical approach to professional knowledge for dealing with real-world situations, but before that it would be interesting to examine the evolution of managerial discourse since 1870. According to Barley and Kunda ( 1992) even though serious theoretical and political differences existed, scholars have merged on a common theory of how American managerial notion has evolved. During the first stage, which terminated in the late 1800s, managerial discourse sought to legitimate coercive shopfloor practices ( Nelson, 1975). This phase was characterized by abusive control and threats of violence. By the turn of the century, early forms of mass production and a flourish of corporate merging had prepared the ground for a second phase, during which utilitarian rhetorics became increasingly popular (Wren, 1972). Accomplishing the work of Frederick Taylor, rational theories of management conquered managerial discourse by World War I(Bendix, 1956). The manpower was now supposed to be more effectively controlled by contouring production processes and by attracting the workers self-interest. According to Bendix (1956) the Depression is widely held to mark the beginning of the th ird phase. As the white-collar labor force was gaining more power, managerial discourse began to emphasize normative control : the idea that managers could more effectively regulate workers by attending not only to their behavior but to their thoughts and emotions. (Barley ,Kunda, 1992,pp.364 ) They believed that by approaching both the mind and the heart of the workers , management could reach the most subtle type of control: moral authority. The succession of Managerial Ideologies since 1870 Ideology Era of ascent Tenor Industrial Betterment 1870- 1900 Normative Scientific Management 1900- 1923 Rationale Welfare capitalism/Human relations 1923- 1955 Normative Systems rationalism 1955- 1980 Rational Organizational Culture 1980- present Normative (Barley,Kunda,1992, pp.364) It is a fact that science and art are very different in nature. According to Gao (2008) art is viewed as: the use of imagination to interpret feelings and ideas, particularly in painting, drawing sculpture, or the skill of creating objects such as paintings or drawings, especially when studying art. In reality, art has nothing to do with objectivity. It relates to collective, mostly, individual subjectivity. So can management really be the very antithesis of the use of a body of rigorous professional knowledge? According to Spender ( 2006) many writers, like Mintzberg (1976), point to management as an art form. Although management apparently has imaginative and artistic aspects, this is not really the point .The point here is to contrast rational way of decision making against intuitive creation. to imply that it might be more useful to think of business leadership as something other than cold, objective reasoning (Mintzberg, 1976). This is why, according to Richardson (2008 ) managers need to study philosophy. Repeatedly, managers have to be able to decide which data they need in order to make a decision, to interpret this theory and even choose what its purpose really is. This is not unexpected, if you take into consideration that many academic books on the topic often lack any practical suggestions. Philosophy is a study that inspires personal choice, and in management choices thrive. So, effective managers should know when a decision has to be based on principle and when it should be made logically , depending on each case. According to Drucker (1998) managers need impact rather than technique, and they prefer to be sound rather than clever; they know the trickiest part is to choose between the right and the wrong compromise , and they have learned to tell the difference from one another. Anyhow, in management, the most time-consuming part of the process is not taking the decision, but making it effective, a nd this is when the ability to manage through discontinuity, to be able to detect changes but also to recognize patterns and be able to focus on those things that do not change, is needed.(Mintzberg, 2004) Management as an art is an amazing but natural expression of human behavior (Peroff,1999). According to Bolman and Deal( 1997), managers are both artists and leaders who are able to develop exceptional solutions and fresh ideas about their organizations needs. They adjust to people and events around them and learn to expect the chaotic twirls and turns of managerial life. Artistry in management is neither exact nor precise. Artists interpret experience and express it in forms that can be felt, understood, and appreciated by others. Art allows for emotion, subtlety, ambiguity . An artist reframes the world so that others can see new possibilities(Boleman and Deal, 1997, pp. 17). To sum up, a significant group of people think of management as an art. In reality, management personalities, like Microsofts William Gates and GEs Jack Welch, and their top-down managerial strategy, have enhanced this idea (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995 ). Gao (2008) argues that the reasons are not only because these people have supported or have gone over the top about personal intuition and other personal irrational factors such as emotion and intuition in decision-making and management, but also because no management theory or approach can assure successful practical accomplishment of a social or economic organization in practice. So, as we already mentioned, effective management can be considered as an art the art of getting things done through people. Thinking of management as an art is possibly more productive, because it identifies management as something more than just a set of unambiguous techniques. Management as art implies inventiveness rather than conformity, practice rather than mere prescription, wisdom rather than mere knowledge. ( Evered, Selman, 2001 , pp.17 ) Science, on the other hand, even though there is no commonly agreed definition for it, is viewed as knowledge about the behavior and structure of the world, based on facts. However, according to Gao (2008), even though there is no body with the authority to define science, and there are various discussions about its definition, its nature and its motive in philosophy of science, everybody agrees that science is based on rational assumption and experimental orientation. . Science is the organized , systematic enterprise that gathers knowledge about the world and condenses the knowledge into testable laws and principles(Wilson, 1998,pp. 53). Polany suggested that post critical philosophy emphasizes the creative subjective aspect of scientists in the process of creating knowledge, but considerable collective subjectivity, objectivity, rationality and logic are necessary in science (Polany, 1958). According to Wilson(1998b) science involves the expansion of sensory capacity by instruments , the categorization of data, and the analysis of data guided by theory. Science , is extraordinary . With the aid of science , we can visualize matter across 37 orders of magnitude, from the largest galactic cluster to the smallest known particle.(Wilson, 1998a, pp.47) As long as science is used properly it can be really useful for everybodys everyday life. Management as a science was firstly characterized by Frederick Taylor (1911) and Gulick (1937). Scientific Management considered employees as tools for the achievement of organizational goals. Frederick W. Taylor believed that with the help of time and motion studies he could find out the best way for the accomplishment of a task and that workers should be very pleased that were imposed to do precisely what they were instructed. The needs of the organization were separated from the needs of the individual. In Peter Druckers ( 1998) words, Frederick W. Taylor was the first man in recorded history who deemed work deserving of systematic observation and study; on Taylors scientific management rests, above all, the tremendous surge of affluence in the last seventy-five years which has lifted the working masses in the developed countries well above any level recorded before, even for the well-to-do. Frederic W. Taylor, though, placed the main foundation, however, not much has been added to them since even though Taylor has been dead for over sixty years. Another important school of taking management as a science comes from the area of systems science. Ever since the 1940s, Churchman and Ackoff, based on Singers experimentalist philosophy, have tried to establish an Institute of Experimental Method for dealing with societal issues in areas such as city planning and business management (Ulrich, 2004). Churchmans social systems design and Ackoffs social systems science can be seen as typical representatives of the scientific school, although Ackoff believes that mess management is an art and a science. (Churchman, 1955, 1971, Ackoff, 1979). Even though the answer, to if management is an art or a science, could be both, either or neither. Some people think management is indeed a science, because of the scientific principles and rules that exist(like Taylors scientific management theories and Webers administration of social and economic organization) and that can be applied for improving the productivity and efficiency of organizations, profit or nonprofit, private or public (Taylor, 1911; Weber, 1947). According to Lester(1998) creative arts and science are very different from one another . Scientific knowledge is useful to us because it provides us with objective, verifiable knowledge about the real world around us. (Wilson, 1998) Art, however is also beneficial but in a different way. According to Lester (1998) art is in tune with our underlying human nature , which Wilson (1998) argues that is an inborn ensemble of instinctive rules that rule our behavior. But do managers today combine art and science at work? The severity of the management science utilization problem may be a result of an imbalance in the work of management scientists: too much science; not enough engineering ( Gruber, Niles, 1969). With the improvement of science so should also be improved the practical application of science. Even though the turns of organizational life are extremely complex and intangible, the knowledge and the available management theory could certainly contribute to the improvement of managerial practice. Mason Haire (1967, p. 110) in his Douglas McGregor Memorial Lecture observed: hen I say the contribution of the behavioral sciences to management has been disappointingly small, I mean this: in the past 15 years there have been perhaps 150 books and 1,500 articles written on the subject. And yet the practice o £ management remains about the same. It is obvious that in management, a severe strain exists between the promises of scientific methods and the realities of practice. At a time when management is becoming more scientific, friction should be expected in the relationship between the practitioners of the art and the advocates of the new scientific knowledge. (Gruber and Niles,1969, pp. 12) So it is obvious that management combines both science and art. According to P.F. Drucker management is thus what tradition used to call a liberal art liberal because it deals with the fundamentals of knowledge, self-knowledge, wisdom, and leadership; art because it is also concerned with practice and application . Managers draw on all the knowledge and insights of the humanities and the social sciences- on psychology and philosophy , on economics and history , on ethics as well as on the physical sciences. But they have to transform this knowledge on effectiveness and results. The effective practice of management requires a mixture of science and art; that is, a blend of rational objectivity and intuitive insight. Both views of management, as a science or as an art, can provide ample evidence to support their viewpoints, and they all seem correct and reasonable from their perspective. However, some people also think management is neither a science nor an art, but a political game. The criterion is in the mind of the speakers ( Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995). According to Nelson and Winter (1977), professional knowledge is also, neither fully scientific , nor fully a skill or routine, but a combination. It articulates of science, personal skill and experience and organizational routine. It is the function of the professional to act as an interface between routine and science. It is the professional who employs the heuristics in order to search, judge and choose routine in the path of problem solving. ( Tordoire , 1995) When it comes to management and the use of professional knowledge in business practice, managers have to do without those guidance facilities and manuals, that are so vital for the management of capital, land, entrepreneurship and labour, simply because such sources do not exist. According to Igor Ackoff (1979), educating managers and experts to use experts is one of the great challenges in modern business. In every day business practice, however, trial and error is still the common way to learn about managing and using professional knowledge (Tordoir,1995). But is management really a profession? Management has a long history of trying to establish itself as a profession and securing similar influence (Lowell, 1923). In the nineteenth century, professions and professional organizations emerged from a variety of traditionally learned occupations-generally those that required substantial theoretical knowledge and training, such as medicine, law, and science. Professionalization describes the procedure of uniting diverse practitioners under a set of homogeneous norms or rules, including the emergence of standards of certification, ethics, the development of self-governing associations, and the pursuit of legal recognition and protection (Hofstadter, Richard, and C. Dewitt Hardy, 1952). Professionalism and professions are dominant ideas and institutions. Sociologists and economists have recognized professions as an important division of the industry and professionals as an essential part of the labor force. Professions carry not only a financial implication but also a cultural importance. They often occupy the highest status positions in an occupational hierarchy. In cultural terms , they are carrie rs of important societal norms and values concerning such matters as the relationship between knowledge and power and the maintenance of trust (Khurana , 2007,pp.4 ). According to Spender (2006) the idea of management as a Profession refers to a group of people whose practice is shaped by training and credentialing against a proven and rigorous body of knowledge (Abbott, 1988 ). In this manner science has a long established a position of epistemic authority that clearly distinguishes its practitioners from amateurs, charlatans, soothsayers and the general public.( Watkins ,2006.) However, there are some critiques about professionals and professionalism in general. Some of the critiques are about the way the knowledge is delivered; Rakesh Khurana (2007) shows that university-based business schools were founded to educate a professional class of managers, in the style of doctors and lawyers but have effectively moved away from that objective, leaving a gaping moral hole at the center of business education and maybe even in management itself. Other critiques are attacks on the body of knowledge itself. Pfeffer (1993) was far from alone in his plea for increased disciplinary harshness, for some argue there is no rigorous body of managerial knowledge from which to teach and so no argument for management as a profession. According to Tordoir (1995) the professional character of knowledge is of course a matter of degree. Most critiques, however spot the gap between theory and practice, arguing that business school knowledge relates inadequately to the practicing man agers needs (Weick, 2001) . In what may still be the most significant study of managerial ideology, Bendix (1956) who wrote with great concern about the social-psychological aspects of work, argued that rhetorics of social Darwinism typical of the nineteenth century had gradually but steadily given way to the belief that managers could better secure compliance by shaping workers attitudes and sentiments. The practice of managing across governments and organizations overtakes both practical description and theoretical clarification. The business community has been suggesting that academicians should move out of the cut off, insulated world of the university and confront practical problems. Apparently, professions are defined, apart from a high level of professional skills and qualifications, by a wide variety of characteristics which also contain subjective values relating to ethics and values. Tordoir( 1995), argues that professionals have much in common with managers , they manage the organization of knowledge input in tackling a complex matter. Non-professional managers on the other hand do not employ heuristics based on science, as professionals do , but use experienced routines instead. If line managers do use heuristics based on science ,however ,they are by this definition indeed professionals in the field of management ( Tordoir , 1995). The professional is largely responsible for directing his own activities. Managers must take due account of this by applying rules and procedures on a modest scale and aiming to achieve maximum harmonization of the objectives of the organization and the personal objectives of the people working there. If they can do that then t here can be said to be professional management. .( Weggeman, 1989 ) These structures, the relative autonomy of professional work, and the high degree of prestige generally attached to professional activities differentiates professions from other forms of work and worker organization. Nevertheless, to mention the professional obligations of management executives is to imply that business management itself is a profession. But is it really? To the extent that different managers perform one set of basic roles, management satisfies one criterion for becoming a profession(Mintzberg, 1976), however sociologists who study the professions have engaged a wide range of viewpoints and criteria for determining what represents an occupation as a profession, which gives us the ability to compare management with what we take to be the bona fide professions, in particular law and medicine. ( Khuranha, 2007 ) According to Khurana, Nohria and Penrice (2005) The criteria for calling an occupation a bona fide profession are as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ a common body of knowledge resting on a well-developed, widely accepted theoretical base; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ a system for certifying that individuals possess such knowledge before being licensed or otherwise allowed to practice; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ a commitment to use specialized knowledge for the public good, and a renunciation of the goal of profit-maximization, in return for professional autonomy and monopoly power; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ a code of ethics, with provisions for monitoring individual compliance with the code and a system of sanctions for enforcing it.( Khurana, Nohria, and Penrice, 2005, pp.4) Regarding the first criterion which is concerned with the body of systematized knowledge, there are significant differences between the science of management and the knowledge foundation of the traditional professions (Khurana, Nohria and Penrice, 2008). As far as the second criterion is concerned, according to Pfeffer and Fong (2002), management apart from not developing a body of knowledge comparable to those of the true professions, differs from these other occupations in lacking a set of institutions designed to certify that its practitioners have a basic mastery of a core body of specialized knowledge and can apply it judiciously; although the MBA has been the fastest-growing graduate degree for the past twenty years, it is not a requirement for becoming a manager (Pfeffer and Fong,2002). As far as the privileges that society grants to professions are concerned it should be mentioned that they exist in return for certain social benefits. The creation of these social benefits, in turn, creates certain restrictions on professionals. Because they own specific knowledge in areas of vital concern to society, genuine professionals are expected to place that knowledge at the disposal of all who require it and to provide services in a way that places the maintenance of professional standards and values ahead of the securing of individual advantage ( Khurana, Nohria and Penrice , 2008). Once again, not always things work like that in management, as many genuine professional managers seem to rest on the advantages their profession provides them with but forget about their responsibilities towards the public. The fourth and final dimension on which, management differs significantly from the true professions is that its members are not ruled by a communal normative code that is supported by institutions that promote loyalty and obedience to it. Such a normative code, whether known as a code of ethics or a code of conduct, is a vital characteristic of almost any work-r elated group that its purpose is to be seen as a profession. So we would argue, that management has succeeded in taking for granted many of the appearances and privileges of professionalism while escaping the restraints and responsibilities. Today, Khurana argues, business schools have largely capitulated in the battle for professionalism and have become merely purveyors of a product, the MBA, with students treated as consumers. Management education is also a huge and successful industry. Pfeffer and Fongs papers (2002) give us good numbers: Business schools employ thousands of people all over the world; more than 100,000 MBAs are awarded annually in the United States, and tens of thousands are awarded elsewhere; there are more thousands of executive and undergraduate business degrees, diplomas, and certificates being awarded, too (Pfeffer and Fong, 2002). Professional and moral ideals that once animated and inspired business schools have been conquered by a perspective that managers are merely agents of shareholders, beholden only to the cause of share profits. According to Khurana, we should not thus be surprised at the rise of corporate malfeasance. The time has come, he concludes, to rejuvenate intellectually and mor ally the training of our future business leaders. So finally, is management an art or a science? If Wilsons (1998) belief in a unified theory of everything is correct, maybe we should be asking a much larger question. Is a consilience of all of our ways of thinking about management possible? ( Peroff, N. ,1999) The famous physicist Louis de Broglie once said May it not be universally true that the concepts produced by the human mind, when formulated in a slightly vague form, are roughly valid for reality, but that, when extreme precision is aimed at, they become ideal forms whose real content tends to vanish away? (quoted in Cory, 1942). This suggests that we should use scientific understanding (not knowledge) to guide our decisions, not determine them, as such understanding is only correct in a loose sense.( Richardson ,2008, pp. 22) Management, even though it can be described as a profession, it should not be considered as a real profession because of all the lacks that we identified; however its nature combines both art and scien ce, just like professional knowledge should combine them. There is no doubt that, when properly implemented, scientific management can really increase efficiency, but efficiency should always be tempered with humanity, by all means, as management is ad hoc and instinctive, rather than structured and planned.

Classroom Observation Instruments Essay

The following checklist it based off the Charlotte Danielson Framework. Teacher evaluations are based on four components or domains. Domain 1 is preparation and planning, domain 2 is classroom environment, domain 3 is instruction, and domain 4 is professional responsibility. When completing a classroom observation, only aspects of domain 2 and domain 3 are observable with a walk through. The following is an evaluation checklist of things a principal will look for while completing a classroom walk through. Sections marked with a (T) are teacher behaviors being observed, those marked with an (S) are student behaviors. Domain 2- Classroom Environment 1. Creating a classroom environment of respect and rapport (T) 2. Establishing a culture for learning (T) 3. Managing classroom procedures (T) 4. Management of student behavior (T) 5. Organizing physical space (T) 6. Work stations for group work (S) 7. Student desks are organized and material accessible (S) Additional notes on classroom environment: Domain 3 – Instruction 1. Communicating with students (T) 2. Use of questioning and discussion techniques (T) 3. Engaging students in learning (T) 4. Using assessment in instruction (T) 5. Demonstrate flexibility and responsiveness (T) 6. Whole class participation (S) 7. Student Engagement/on task behavior (S) 8. Confidence displayed in assessment (S) Additional notes on instruction: The above checklist is meant to be a guideline for principals to use during a walk through evaluation. Can you see the five aspects of each domain present in the classroom for teachers and the five for students? A simple yes or no will suffice. The above checklist is meant to be a guideline or springboard to complete next steps in the learning process. Those areas marked yes should be a cause for celebration. Evaluators and teachers can then discuss to what extent those aspects were present during the observation. In addition to the yes or no answers for each aspect of the two domains, an evaluator can write comments that fall within the domain descriptions as well. Are classroom procedures posted? That can be noted for classroom environment. What type of graphic organizer did the teacher use? That is part of an instructional strategy. The bottom part of the checklist allows the evaluator to add to the things he saw or did not see. This evaluation checklist should be copied and given directly to the teacher for reflection. That way the teacher has immediate feedback of what the principal observed in her classroom. This allows the educator to see what is being observed in her classroom and in her teaching. She can reflect on what aspects were not observed, adjust her teaching and include those aspects going forward. As much as it is a checklist for the evaluator, it can be used as a check-in for the teacher. If time allows, the principal should sit down and discuss the findings with the teacher, but time is not always available for this conference opportunity. This communication method would fall into a non-directive supervisory approach. Nondirective supervision involves the teacher being an essential part of the decision making process. While the teacher is reflecting and thinking through his actions for instructional improvement, the supervisor assists in this thinking and reflection process (Glickman& Gordon, Ross-Gordon, 2008). This is shown through the principal giving feedback, but the teacher working out the next steps on her own. The positive aspect of this type of supervision includes the teacher feeling comfortable enough to ask their administrator for help when needed and feeling comfortable  enough to take risks in their classrooms (Rettig, Lampe, and Garcia, 2000). References Glickman, C.D., Gordon, S.P., Ross-Gordon, J.M. (2014). Supervision and instructional leadership: a developmental approach (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Rettig, P.R., Lampe and Garcia, P. (2000). â€Å"Supervising Your Faculty with a Differentiated Model.† The Department Chair 11(2)

Iphone Xp A New Research And Development Group Essay

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Virginia Woolf and The Wage Between Men and Women - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 830 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Virginia Woolf Essay Did you like this example? Jerusalen OlivarezMs. RohdeAP LanguageApril 10 2018Virginia Woolf and The Battle for the Wage Gap Between Men and WomenIn 1998 a young woman by the name of Kerri Sleeman was hired by a company with the statement The offer is what it is. There was no negotiation about the position or the pay. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Virginia Woolf and The Wage Between Men and Women" essay for you Create order The opportunity was one in a thousand especially for her as a woman. After five years of progression in the company, the company filed a bankruptcy and Sleeman discovered an injustice. People who she had supervised, mostly young man, where being paid more than her. Stories such as this reflect an age old problem that has haunted and still haunts society today. The wage gap is usually defined as the difference is earnings typically between men and women usually for the same work or job. In the United States alone women who work full time and have a yearly job, make 80 cents for every dollar that their male counterpart makes (The Wage Gap: The Who, How, Why, and What To Do. ). Likewise, many countries around the world have the similar problem where women make less than men. The famous English writer, Virginia Woolf was one of the most influential women of the twentieth century that put forth modern enlightenment ideas that advocated for equality and the advancement of women in society.Although Woolf would have been proud of how much society has advanced so far today, she would have agreed with the idea that the wage gap between men and women in society is currently not being solved in the most effective and most powerful way. Virginia Woolf would have viewed issues like the wage gap between men and women extremely absurd, unfair, and in the need of a resolution. There is an effective way to destroying the wage gap. By raising the federal minimum wage, by aiding women who are on family leave, and by making more individuals aware of the unfair wage gap, the wage gap between men and women can be resolved and eventually completely and utterly destroyed. Altho ugh the minimum wage has benefited many people, it still has a negative effect on women in society. By raising the federal minimum wage, the wage gap would disappear. As of July, 2009, the current minimum wage was of seven dollars and twenty five cents. The impact of the minimum wage has been frivolous amongst the female community. In the workforce, women are more highly concentrated in low-wage sectors such as personal care and healthcare support occupations (Allegretto 2014). This means that typically women are making about $7.25 and less than $15.00. It should also be noted that women are vastly working in jobs such as, cashier jobs, waitress jobs, and healthcare jobs. If its already economically impactful on a single person, how much more damaging is it for a single mother or a woman with deteriorated health. According to the National Womens law center, states with the smallest wage gap, consistently displayed a higher minimum wage. As it is conveyed, women are affected by the minimum wage, which heavily determines the wideness of the gap between man and women. If more of this could be seen in the United States and throughout the world, there would not be such conflict over the existence of the atrocious wage gap. For all these reasons it would be beneficial to increase the minimum wage. This would not only greatly benefit women Globally, it would also decrease and offer a bigger step toward the complete disappearance of the absurd wage gap which affects the life of many women that could be making a bigger impact in society or that simply need the way to properly sustain a family without the excessive worry.Nevertheless, the nineteenth century feminist virginia Woolf who was a great advocate for women, would have viewed and understood the need for the raise of the current minimum wage as imperative to the eventual concealment of the wage gap. In Virginia Woolfs famous book which is a compilation of a series of lectures for the benefit of women, she states, A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction(Woolf). As it is conveyed by this quote, Virginia Woolf believes that women are continuously denied the time, space and money that are needed to write and create new and creative work. Unlike men, who have the great freedom of running society, women are not as greatly supported because they are viewed as frivolous and weak. Although Woolf speaks about fiction, she would have agreed that during this time this same concept would apply to the wage gap and the necessity of increasing the minimum wage. She would have agreed that women in society today, need a boost in their pay especially because women are more readily concentrated in more low- wage jobs, because of the influence of men in this world. Woolf would have viewed this as absurd and in the need of a rapid resolution.